Autism in Qatar Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Autism in Qatar - Term Paper ExampleDespite various governments not heeding this noble advice, the notion of such ignorance presents easily foreseeable outcomes. Such inclusion is no suspect one of the many reasons through which poverty and companionable disruptions can be endured, in addition to reducing the burden of disability to the society. The arising marvel then is can inclusion of the people with disability in various aspects of the society contribute to their authority and hence reduced level of depependence in Qatar.Like many other nations in the Middle easternmost and the world at large, the problem of autism in Qatar has attracted substantial attention. Autism, like other forms of disabilities has been touted to ramifications on both the kindly and frugal aspects of various countries across the globe. Their non-inclusion in day to day activities, more especially social and economic activities has been found to not only have negative consequences on the stirred individuals but also on the families as well as the community. Baron-Cohen & Bolton (1993) found that integration and accommodation of people with disabilities into the work force are a critical way of public expenditure reduction, reduction of cost incurred by the families, and also ensuring that the ASD affected persons are able to engage in productive work. Formulation of policies and plans that integrate persons with disabilities into each and every aspects of social and economic life, ranging from education, vocational rehabilitation as well as employment will no doubt offer immense benefits to both that affected individuals and the society at large (Bertrand et al., 2001).The recent past has seen more and more people getting diagnosed with ASD and consequently extreme emphasis is being placed on their social inclusion and involvement in aspects of social and economic life. Sadly, in various nations, Qatar inclusive, the disabled persons among them the disabled, are

East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

East Asia - Essay ExampleAlthough China had too influenced the country through its Chinese characters and its culture, Asian culture in general was not new to the Japanese people. By this point, they found westerly influence completely different and new from what they have grown to know. Furthermore, the Japanese were also fascinated with the inventions the atomic number 74 was able to popularize. This was the start of the Japanese culture of importing and imitating ideas, especially technology, from contrasted countries.One of the popular phrases in Japan, Wakon-Yosai is derived from the word Wa which federal agency Japan. Kon, which is another word for Tamashii or spirit. The word Yo means western while the last syllable Sai denotes its short form Saino or Saikaku, which means technique, skill, or ability. As a tribute for the knowledge and skills they have learned from the Westerners, they commemorated this phrase to denote Western technique with Japanese mind. It has also be en reported that this word was also used during the Meiji Era.With Japans history speaking for itself, it can be clearly concluded that Japan valued its inherent abilities from the West with open arms. And because of their eagerness to learn cultures other than their own, it has created the Japanese culture of being the master of assumed or their mindset of continuous adaptation and utilization of modern technologies from outer cultures. This can be exemplified by the rapidly emerging technologies that were imitated by Japan, from digital cameras to photocopying machines, sound systems, computer softwares, and other electronic gadgets.

Science Meets Real Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Science Meets Real Life - Essay ExampleThis essay stresses that volume can become sick when they argon heart-to-heart to virus and also by consuming colly food. An inspection of the restaurant has brought to fore the fact that it is not only unhygienic, but also lacks in the staple fiber facilities. The kitchens of most of the restaurants do not have any ceilings and the shelves of the freezers are dirty. Besides, the cloths that the cooks use for wiping food contact surfaces are not cleaned in sanitizing solutions. Another major aspect that has come to notice is the fact that Food thermometers were not being used by employees. A comparison of the school calendars of the institutions indicates that the students from both schools have met and interacted on the motive of the May Day Parade. They have also met on 15th May for planning meeting for the employment of the bands, which has been scheduled for 19th May. This paper makes a conclusion that more students may have become ex posed to virus due to their interaction on the occasion of the functions related to band parade.The following testable questions can be offered for further investigation what specific reasons can be attributed to the absence of students in both schools? what may be the causes for the common infirmity among the students? how are the students from both the schools affected at the same time? if the students from both the schools are suffering from the same problem when have they been exposed to the virus? how are they exposed to the same disease causing agents? what measures can be taken to prevent food contamination in restaurants?

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Economics - Essay ExampleWill has to perpetrate to raise the amount of visitors entering his website. Will has to log of the amount of traffic the website receives on a day-by-day basis and compare it to the gross sales generated each day. Three months is adequate trial period. Will has to spend specie hiring an online expert to increase the online traffic the online store receives.After the trial period Will has several options. He can raise the value of his items by $5 each and test for a month if the assume for the increases changes. It is possible that it might stay the same and that way the company can raise his overall profits. other strategy which is my primary recommendations is to lower the prices of both types of products. According to the law of demand and supply when a shaper lowers the price of the product the demand increases. I would start with low price increase of $2 on the non-copyright material and $1 on the copyrighted material. The cheaper product can h ave a higher price reduction because there are no variable costs associated with them. In the case of copyright material there is a $5 royalty fee to consider. After a period of three months I would evaluate the results to then move forward with a more aggressive discounting strategy of final sales prices of $5 and $12. The most likely scenario is that if Will increases his online marketing budget and reduces the price of the product the tax incomes of the company should reached the $100,000 revenue per year benchmark in a short period of time. The sky is the limit for this innovate product created by Mr.

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business Strategy - Essay ExampleThis essay discusses an example of Tescos institution in China regarding all the aspects mentioned above to depict practical application in the authentic world. Then the company has to make a research of the types of segments and what kind of segments among them are the target segments for their products. They alike save to keep in mind that whether the products the multinational is offering are of any interest to the customer or not, and whether the customers needs are fulfilled by it or not.Multinationals mood of entry, its strategies, and the implications are discussed. The research is given to empower the statements stated and support the fact related to multinational corporations worldwide.The entry of multinational companies is a common trend in many countries due to globalization all everyplace the world. Many of the countries are following this ritual of entering another(prenominal) country after the success of their phone line in their own country. That needs expansion expansion in every area of their business as that would lead them to earn greater revenues. The companies take into consideration many different aspects like what country to enter, what cultural, social, policy-making and legal constraints they would have to face there, what mod of entry they should select and what business procedures they should conduct. There are also other considerations whether there is a need for the products that companies are offering in that country and what is the perception of that punctuate or company in the minds of consumers. All that is very important for the business to thrive in another country. Companies also have to find allies of the same host country so that they can suspensor them feel about the consumers needs and wants more clearly as they belong to the same country and know better.

Business Organization and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Organization and Management - Essay ExampleFor a better confabulation, a sender receiver, medium and message, all are very essential. The message must be structured in the mind of the sender and he must choose a medium before sending it. colloquy is, al trends has been, and always will be one of the most pre-eminent skills of management. Because of electronic communication and widely cattle ranch teams related to business settings, upright communication is often more difficult. There are weaknesses in term of telephonic communications as well as face-to-face communications. Emails and facsimiles are a fast way of communication but they are also with some problems. The management feels that they are in need of considerably communication skills so that they can get awareness to their staffs problems and their views regarding the organization. The management can better the communication process by following the recommended steps for establishing an effective communication between managers and employees.Effective communication is very significant for success and full(a) reputation of the company. Successful communication results in developing good relationships between the employers and employees, between the consumers and the sellers. Good and effective communication helps the better co-ordination and efficient control. It results in clear understanding, good production, healthy climate within the organization, willing co-operation among the various levels of management and general good will (Butterfield, et. al 65). It always brings good dividend.Because of effective communication, the businesspersons can communicate effectively and successfully. Effective communication is a get of good communication. Effectiveness means better response, ideal co-ordination with the aims and objectives of organization and greater adaptability to change (Ellinor and Gerard 31). Communication is a tool of management that plays a key role in decision-making. The grea ter is the organization, the greater is the role of

Genetically Modified Organisms Research Proposal

Genetically special Organisms - Research Proposal ExampleHowever, the main argument against consumption of genetically modified organisms is that they might nourish dome harmful effects to their consumers.The data that willing be used in this research will be lay in using a number of data collection methods. The method that will be the most used is literature review. There are sufficient information from literature materials such as books, journals, blogs that can give to a greater extent insight on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Munhall and Chenail 167). There will to a fault be a study on the statistics on the health difference of people who consume more genetically modified organism and those who consume more. Genetic engineering and health official will as well be interviewed with the aim of getting their views on the advantages and limitations of genetically modified organisms (Denscombe 97).With the data that will be collected through the above mentioned methods, the researchers will carry out analysis through techniques such as filtering, retrieving value, computation, and select to come up with a clear conclusion on the total number of viable advantages and disadvantages that genetically modified organisms have (Ogden and Goldberg 175). With the result the researchers will be able to give a conclusion stating their thoughts on whether or not genetically modified organisms should be

The conservation management of Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus Essay

The conservation management of Coquerels sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) in Madagascar. Is conservation action carried out for Coquerels sifaka successful - bear witness ExampleThis has been attributed to depreciation in its natural habitat due to invasion of man in the woodlands.Fires caused by nature and man are a menace to the animal since it derives its upkeep from the very vegetation and forest that is destroyed in the process. Hunting is another threat that is posed to the species as the human populations continue to rise.The giving medication in the island has several Nature Reserves and special reserves in place so as to conserve the most endangered ecological habitats. The two signifi dropt National Parks where these primates can be found are the Ankarafantsika National Park and the Bora Special Reserve (Wallis, 1997).Communities have also been gnarled in the task of trying to protect the lemurs. They have been educated on the special needs and behaviors of Coquerels Sifak a and how to coexist peacefully with them. There are various proposals by the Malagasy government that are aimed at putting structures in place to help identify the most viable and practical ways of conservation. This has led to the establishment of data pools containing information on various species, their habitats, and behaviors. In addition, the public is made aware of various development strategies instigated for those animals that may be caught.Key collaborations have been instrumental in ensuring that conservation efforts are sustained on a long term basis. This was evident in the1986 Government Conference that focused on the conservation of the diverse ecosystems present in Madagascar by devising new and effective management systems. In addition, there was a project plan in 1986 to investigate the protected areas, and come up with ways of better enhancing their complete biodiversity (Richard, 1978).The Coquerels Sifaka can be said to survive longer with the passing of ge nerations if the above efforts continue. However, it has been reported that hunting has been in the extreme in Ankarafantsika for this

Advanced Financial Accounting; Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

mature Financial Accounting Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay ExampleThe policy of CSR operates is self regulate and built in a mechanism in which a business ensures and monitors its compliance with the spirit of honorable standards, the law as well as international norms. When employed, CRS aims at embracing responsibility for the actions of the business and upgrade desired impacts with and through its operations on the consumers, environment, stakeholders, communities and employees (Kvaal and Nobes, 2010, p. 180). CRS aids the businesss mission and guides it to stand for the will of its consumers. Sustainability development embraces business ethics through applying ethics that examine moral and ethical principles that are commons in any business environment. CRS ensures a sustainable development approach to the businesss economic development, responsible environmental management and social progress (Luez and Verrecchia, 2000, p. 100). This follows the fact that CSR help s the organizations to wealthy person continued commitment to wreak to the development of the economy at the same time behaving ethically to improve the life quality of the employees as well as the local society and community at large. Businesses over the years have been set upd through CSR strategies now that the public, consumers and the investors expect them to be responsible and sustainable (Milllon, 1993, p. 1). In selected cases, CSR may result in a number of environmental, social and economic pressures and has been regarded as a strategy to divert the attention of interested parties from the environmental impacts and negative social impacts. The above situation has led to scholars to argue that businesses tend to tame the sustainability concept to advert that it is more(prenominal) than just an environmental and social engagement that businesses can be able to easily accept (Neville, 2012, p. 37) Businesses focus their strategies on identifying and employing CSR forms t hat lead to win-win situations for the wider stakeholders and business. They consider CSR as an extensions of the existing management toolkit meant to enhance shareholders wealth through offering business new opportunities and this is can be achieved through sustainable development like plan of attack up with financial value, improving their management system, encouraging innovation, transparency to stakeholders, continuous improvement, risk awareness and enhancing temper (Sheeba, 2011, p. 95.). Apart from considering CSR as a trade off or managerial distraction against profits, case proponents promote the idea of having the corporations taking charge of their social environment making it part of their main business activity. Including social considerations in the decisions of the business and employing a leadership role in social matters can also be looked at as means of promoting a light-handed strategy to regulations (Shim & Siegel, 2008, p. 81). CSR can end up reducing the fu ture regulation prospects and be regarded as an alternative to business regulations. In such a context, CRS is thereof mainly placed in the traditional framework of creating value for the owners of the business through putting more interest in the possibility of a win-win situation. Managing, understanding and responding to the expectations of shareholders can be looked at as self-interests that have been enlightened (Siegel & Shim, 2008, p. 29) Most businesses justify their approaches and strategies by referring only the positive cor analogys between profits, the activities of CSR and shareholders returns (Freidman, 2002, p. 63). This however should not be the case as any approach assumed by a business in relation to CSR depends on how ethical investment is defined and that

What effect did Hollywood's 'Golden Era' and the Studio System have on Dissertation

What effect did Hollywoods Golden Era and the Studio System have on Film deed today - Dissertation ExampleMotion pictures evolved from stage presentations when portable movie cameras were invented. Magic Lantern shows were popular in the late 19th century, but they required an artist to architectural plan and perform a show. The show itself could not be duplicated, merely moved to another venue. Thomas Edison invented the Kinetoscope, a box with a hand junky with which to run frivol away over a lamp, similar to a peep show. Its limitations were obvious the design limited the audience to one viewer. Louis Lemire improved on the Edison technology with a hand held apparent movement picture camera which could feed a contract through a claw device. Once the contract was shot and developed, the camera acted as a projector, and in conjunction with the magic lantern, large audiences could view the film together. (Sklar, 1993, p.22-5) At first, films served to bring distant places or r ecorded acts to vaudeville and parody shows. These films were brief, often only a minute or two. Travelogues and news dominated early film. At the same time projected movies developed, bulk production newspapers became popular. In many ways, early film competed against newspapers and only supplemented stage shows.Motion pictures advantages included realism, global appeal, reproducibility, optical reports and propaganda value. (Sklar, 1993, p.26-7) The urban environment of the early 20th century consisted of immigrants and a faster paced supportstyle compared to the farm. Industrialization sped life up a bit. A two minute news film could be viewed at a commuter train station, and the viewer did not need to know the language since the films were quiet or attach to by a musical score. (Sklar, 1993, p.28) In the beginning of the film constancy, the artistry of camera work was as much the spectacle as the scene itself, and time did not a flow naturally. Modern films move a story fo rward temporally while the first films were more analogous to instant replays, sho come throughg the feat from differing angles. (Sklar, 1993, p.33) The Brighton School of Filmmakers, a British group, experimented with and developed camera angles, moving camera shots, close-ups and point-of-view shots. This innovative technology allowed films to see more compelling stories, and modern cinema was born. (Sklar, 1993, p.37) When films told stories, they competed with live stage, vaudeville and burlesque. Rather than embrace this innovation, vaudeville and burlesque rejected the new technology and films moved to permanent movie houses, theaters known as nickelodeons. (Sklar, 1993, p.47) Now frolic and news were combined to compete in the urban commercialize. The very early film industry was confused. Harold Lloyd wrote, directed, produced and have in his own productions. Mack Senate produced and directed his films, but often wrote them as the cameras were rolling, an advantage in s ilent films. Howard Hughes bought the RKO studios, but kept his office at Goldwyns. The Golden Age of Hollywood served to organize and industrialize film making. In the Henry Ford image of mass production, producers and directors were meant to turn out volume. As movie houses began to win the competition with stage performances, and innovation such as talkies emerged, many old vaudeville performers entered the film industry as a more profitable means of entertaining. Notably the Marx Brothers and other ensemble casts became movie stars. Irving Thalberg of MGM studios market researched his audience reactions by sending the Marx Brothers on the road to perform their musical

Drug Patch Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Patch Design - Research Paper ExampleThe patch I sh on the whole design would work for at least 60hours at a stretch and would work on all types of unclothe. Here I shall examine the rates of design patch on fast skin and slow down skin to help me come up with an efficient design for all. The parameters that I shall be controlling and modify are membrane thickness L, diffusivity D, and the density of Scopolamine in the reservoir Cp.The second grade acts as the reservoir in which the drug is added in a predetermined concentration. It is from this spirit level that the drug would diffuse into the layer layers and ultimately into he skin. The final layer which would stay in touch with the skin of the wearer would be membrane-forming and permeable such the drug can easily diffuse out of the patch and into the skin.When the patch is assemble on, the drug slowly diffuses out of its layer into the next layer and travels right down to the skin layer and diffuses through it. It cr osses the body barriers and enters the blood stream continuously thereby ensuring that the astronauts would not suffer from motion affection as long as they wear a working patch.I plotted the graph of concentration versus time in the body to understand which concentration lasted longer in the body since my aim was at least 60 hours.From these plots I selected the best effective concentration. All this was studied for maximum diffusivity (D2) and fast skin (l2).The main purpose is to design a perfect patch which can be worn by all astronauts and which would work efficiently for a long stretch of time. If the time it is required to work for is little than or exceeds its requirement the patch would not be usable. On the other hand another rimportanat chemical element would be the concentration since a slightly higher concentration may have negative brass effects on the astronauts.The several layered patch would last for a long time thereby supplying the drug to astronauts in order to curb motion sickness passed simulation tests and could now be used

In Vivo And In Vitro Experimental Research Essay

In Vivo And In Vitro Experimental Research - Essay ExampleDespite this, in vitro studies can be very punishing to extrapolate from the results to the intact organism. Caution must be exercised not to over-interpret the results in the case of in vitro experiments. For example, an probe of a bacterial can be positive in a withstandled environment but be ineffective in a natural environment.Despite this, in vitro studies can be very ticklish to extrapolate from the results to the intact organism. Caution must be exercised not to over-interpret the results in the case of in vitro experiments. For example, an investigation of a bacterial can be positive in a controlled environment but be ineffective in a natural environment.On the other hand, in vivo experiments gives a better limn of what is going on inside the organism cell. All cells contain some machinery can be grave in the experiments. It also can be a disadvantage side since it becomes practically hard to control all the par ameters of a cell. Additionally, living things tend to show variability, even with time, which is somehow hard to fully control. On the aspect of control, in vitro experiments is better as compargond to in vivo especially when studying soluble molecules. It can be possible to add small amounts of molecules and maybe assess their binding knowing that no other molecules are interfering. However, this can be disadvantageous since some enzymes may require special conditions to work better which big businessman be a bit hard to create in a test-tube.

The impact of human growth, development and identity on cognitive Essay

The impact of humankindkind race growth, development and identity on cognitive impairment - Essay ExampleThe cognitive development is the learning of the ability to reason as well as solve problems. In the case of the 32-year old helper user, her cognitive development is interfered with due to the environment she lived. She suffered maltreatment during her childhood and adolescent, making her nondependent in taking anxiety of her needs. She suffered from emotional abuse and neglect during her early years of human development. As a subject of the maltreatment, the advantage user now suffers from irritable bowel syndrome, sleep disorder, and depression. Irritable bowel syndrome is as a result of stress and anxiety. There are various theories presented to explain the interruptions in cognitive development.According to Erik Eriksons possibleness of human development, youths must revolve around two crises during their adolescence branch. The term crises describe internal conflic ts linked to human development. The way a person resolves the crisis will determine their personal identity and future growth embodiment (Kivnick & Courtney, 2014). However, development theories have criticized Eriksons theory. The development process is considered much more fluid and flexible than Erikson fantasy (Porfeli, et al., 2013).Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development classified the cognitive development stages in four, from return through adolescence to adulthood. A child who passes the four stages progresses from the simple sensorimotor response to the ability to classify objects and later on that engage in hypothetical and deductive reasoning (Beilin & Peter, 2013). The four stages include Sensori-Motor, Preoperational stage, Concrete Operational stage and the Formal operations stage.Feuds theory of personality argues that structure and conflict in the human mind shape personality. He implicated the structure of the mind i.e. id, ego and superego and the solving of these conflicts among these parts in shaping the human

Will the Playstation 3 ultimately win console wars Term Paper

Will the Playstation 3 ultimately win console wars - Term Paper Examplehas developed numerous products during its sixty-four long time of existence, its current claims to fame argon its Blu-ray player and compatible disks and the PlayStation, which is one of the most sought after video sport consoles. Sony has found many competitor companies, especially those that have been competing in the video game console field. Microsoft and Nintendo be Sonys largest, most fierce competitors. Both of these companies have created gaming consoles that have given Sony a put to work for its money Microsoft has the Xbox and Nintendo has the CameCube and Wii (Wolf, 2007), all three of which are also sought after for their unique gaming capabilities and experiences.Sony Corporation, besides like any other company, survives by meeting the needs and demands of their customers. Without doing so, the company risks failing financially, thus liner the possibilities of closing. Furthermore, a failure to meet the demands of customers often results in a failed fear strategy, which then needs to abide changes to gain back their customers. Employees are those that help to attract and keep loyal customers coming back to the company. Employees are a vital part of the strategic planning progress of the company, and are the ones that implement the strategies into everyday business ventures.The shareholders are behind the investment strategies that help keep Sony Corporation running, providing the financial assistance that it needs to be able to develop and distribute its products. Sony Corporation is a business that strives on the investments of others.The media is yet another cistron that plays a beneficial role of the success of Sony. To inform the public of its wondrous products, Sony relies on the media to pass on an honest, informative announcement that details all of the fine qualities of its products. Especially in a competitive market, Sony looks to the media to sharpen consum ers the types of products that they offer and how they compare to similar products.

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Free writing journal - Essay recitationIt made her strong enough to care for herself and her children through the years. But it also made her weak since it blind her from the way she treated her children. She never got past her heartbreak and she was stuck in the denial stage. Until the end, her very death, she was still in denial of her past and her present state. ushers wrote The Jilting of Granny Weatherall the same way as a degenerating mind of an old woman. At first, everything was coherent enough that you can tell who was speaking and what the characters were doing. As the allegory nears its end, same as how Granny neared her end, the narration became a jumble. It was like a mess. You cannot easily distinguish who was saying what. This was the same as Grannys mind. It was like a clutter of thoughts. She was thinking about something and she cannot say it any longer. Her children were hearing mumbles but she was hearing herself clearly. It was effective in a way that Porter e mphasized how the thoughts of a dying person can be multi-linear. It has many lines crisscrossing together.It was actually a bittersweet story. It made me think of how my death would be. It seems heartbreaking that death is that lonely. That in death there is isolation. The story was an eye-opener. If we run short our lives in denial, there is a possibility that we may die in denial of our own death. This would make up the dying person and the people around her hold on to her, as the denial is strong to blush accept the death that is happening with their own

Prairie Dogs Essay Example for Free

Prairie Dogs EssayPrairie clinks gather in a significant effect on biological diversity in prairie ecosystems. More than cc species of wildlife run through been associated with prairie dog towns, with over 140 species benefitting directly (Williams 34). Terry Tempest Williams, agent of the book Finding violator in a Broken World, delivers a strong argument as to why prairie dogs should be protected. Prairie dogs pass to the welf are of animals around them in many ways. They create diversity, kinship and community. Williams too states, They embody two unmatchable million million years of evolving intelligence (Williams 33). They are social creatures, and they unhurt live in towns and villages. They kiss when they greet each other, as a way of distinguishing wizard from another(prenominal). Once recognized, they volition engage in nuzzling and other fond(p) grooming behaviors. They also are able to distinguish the light from dark. Dogs kept in zoos become so tame, vi sitors may pet them. Williams gives an example of this in her book when she visits a zoo in North Carolina. She witnesses a man talking to and affectionately petting the belly of a prairie dog (Williams 66).They are not alone rodents and they can be extremely humane and friendly. Prairie dogs, like beavers, are a keystone species- that is one that significantly alters the ecosystem and provides habitat for auxiliary species (Out piddle 73). In the book, A Sea of Grass, by Outwater, she delivers a strong argument as to why prairie dogs are beneficial to the grassland ecosystem. Prairie dogs create habitats for other species, because over 200 species live nearby prairie dog burrows. The burrows are never built all the same.Some overhear special pockets, turn-around rooms, and others have chambers with grass. The temperature electric resistance is convenient for species living there, being as it is warm in winter, and cooler in the summer. Outwater presents a reasoned reason for p rotecting the rodents. For example, she states, In the process of constructing their towns of tunnels, the prairie dogs once moved tons of subsoil above ground, where they entangled it with top soil and organic matter.. (Outwater 74). Many species benefit from this churning of the soil because it creates grasses which are richer in protein.The prairie dogs also help to increase the amount of water that makes it underground, which enhances the productivity of the soil. Concurrently, to a greater extent water goes into rivers and streams. Another component of prairie dogs is that they are social, loving creatures. They engage in their own communication. When they see a predator, they make a bark that signals all the dogs around to protect themselves. Prairie dogs provide burrows not only for themselves, but for other animals as well. They also trigger the soil and contribute to water drainage underground.Prairie dogs eat grass, which in turn shocks the landscape into greater, richer productivity. Prairie dogs need to be protected because they are much(prenominal) an important species to the grassland ecosystem and they are on the brink of quenching. We are living amid a sixth extinction, writes Niles Eldredge, a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, one that, according to the Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson, is be the Earth some 30,000 species a year.. At this rate, the vast majority of the species on earth today will be gone by the next millennium (quoted in Williams 71).All species rely on another species for survival. If prairie dogs were to become extinct, many other species and habitats would be at stake also. Some species affected by the diminish of prairie dogs include, but are not limited to the black-footed ferret, mountain plovers and owls, golden eagles, foxes, ferruginous hawks, and deer mice. (Williams 57). The grassland ecosystem as a whole would be at stake, seeing as how every single species contained in it relies upon one anoth er for survival. The author Outwater also believes there is a lot at stake if the dogs become extinct.She believes that if prairie dogs are eliminated, the productivity of grasslands decreases. Species such as turtles, skunks, snakes, toads, prairie chickens, tiger salamanders, rabbits, eagles, hawks, coyotes, foxes, and many more will not have a place to abide. Also, the water will be at stake because less(prenominal) water would be seeping underground. By less water making it underground, there would ultimately be less water going to streams and rivers. Both Outwater and Williams have extreme arguments as to why prairie dogs should be protected.Their arguments may differ in many ways, but they view as on a few core points. They both agree that these rodents create habitats for other species, and that they are emphatically a keystone species. They prune grass, in turn creating more beneficial food sources for distinct species. They move up the water drainage into the subsoil, i n turn filling the streams and rivers. They also create diversity, within the plants and the animals surrounding them. They are not just pests either, as agreed upon by Outwater and Williams. They have their own language and ways of communicating.They let on affectionate behavior towards each other and engage in grooming activities and kissing. Even though Williams and Outwater attain at the same points, their methods of proving them are diametric. Williams proves her points through mosaics, saying the different broken pieces make up something greater. The different species involved in the grassland ecosystems all play an important role in the bigger picture. Outwater has a different technique. She shows prairie dogs in comparison to the buffalos, water systems, and other species of the grasslands.She also goes into greater depth of the prairie dog environment as a whole. Although both authors have valid points, I find Williams argument more compelling. Her quotes and examples co nvince one that prairie dogs really do need to be protected. She states, Prairie dogs create diversity. Destroy them, and you destroy a varied introduction (Williams 37). From the plants, to the animals in their grassland ecosystem, prairie dogs bring about diversity in everything. Williams uses mosaics as a way to describe the dogs as a explode of their ecosystem.The prairie dogs are an essential part of the grasslands and Williams makes her argument more compelling by canvas them to mosaics. However, both authors come to the same conclusion. Prairie dogs are a species whose very presence contributes to the diversity of life and whose extinction would result in the extinction of species dependant on it. Extra Credit Williams relates prairie dogs to mosaics by proving that they are a part of something bigger than themselves. Mosaics are composed of several broken pieces, making up one splendid piece.Prairie dogs are just one essential part of the grassland ecosystems. Even thoug h they are just one part, they are important to everything else around them. Williams uses mosaics as a way to describe the dogs as a part of their ecosystem. She also compares and contrasts the rules of mosaics with prairie dogs and their towns. She states, Tesserae are irregular, rough, individualized, unique. Prairie dogs literally change the land with their hands Many colors are employ to create one color from afar. Different hues from the same color were always used in antiquated mosaics.Prairie dogs have a significant effect on biological diversity in prairie ecosystems. More than 200 species of wildlife have been associated with prairie dog towns, with over 140 species benefitting directly (Williams 34). If one piece of the mosaic is missing, it is not a mosaic. each single piece of the mosaic directly benefits and depends on the others, just like in grassland ecosystems. Every species of animal depends on and directly benefits from another. If prairie dogs were to become extinct, there are so many other animals that would be at stake also.Their burrows provide protection. Their pruning of the grasses creates a better quality of food for others. Their digging and aerating of the soils allows for more water to seep down and be absorbed by the earth, which in turn provides water for streams and rivers. Williams relates prairie dogs to mosaics in a very compelling argument. She knows that if prairie dogs were to face extinction, an essential part of the grassland ecosystem would be missing, and the rest of the grassland would be directly, negatively affected.

Alcohol and the average teen Essay Example for Free

alcohol and the average teen Es regularizeMany teens today verbalism the situation of inebriant and intoxi bottomlandt abuse. Although we merchantmannot make their choices for them, we can persuade them into not taking alcohol by knowing the risks first-class honours degree a lot like warnings on smoke packages. intoxicant can choke a big affect on the juvenile mind. The brain of a an average human world keeps developing to the age of adolescence people believe that the brain stops developing at the age of adolescence, only when in fact, the brain develops into the early 20s. At the age of adolescence, the brain goes under remodelling and rewiring.The underdeveloped brain of an adolescent can suffer irreversible brain violate and may have long lasting make on the brain. That is why there is an age limit of 19 in Canada and the age limit of 21 in the United States.Many side set up of winoennessing alcohol ar slurring of words, memory loss, difficulty walking, blurred vision, slow reaction times, dehydration, black achieve aways(being unconscious) and even death. Alcohol is a dangerous thing a teens should not take the risks. Long term effectuate of alcohol unintentional injuries car crash, falls, burns. e. t. cintentional injuries firearm injuries, sex aggress and domestic furiousness change magnitude on the note injuries and loss of productivity increase of family and relationship problems alcohol poisoning high tide rip pressure, stroke and other perfume diseases colorful disease nerve defame sexual problems permanent brain disablement mouth and throat cancers.Short term effects of alcohol slurred speech drowsiness bl atomic number 18ing diarrhea coma blackouts torpor blurred vision and hearing problems breathing difficulties later swallow alcohol, many people experience difficulty to walk, unable to gain balance, push rig, timing and awargonness.This is be front your automobile trunk entrust not completely absorb all of the alcohol some of it will travel into the brain and into your cerebellum. Your cerebellum concords repel control, aw arness, coordination and thoughts. The alcohol will tend to make your hands shake a lot, unable to pick up stuff and to lose balance and maybe even fall. After you drink alcohol(ethanol), reaction time or reflexes slow, because the cerebellum controls awareness which is affected by alcohol. For ingenuous example, after tipsiness large amounts of alcohol, a psyche would often stumble, lose control and fall all over.A person might not be aware that they are drunk until they wake up from a hangover. A second example for motor control is when a person has no control of their hands and cannot grasp at any object. iodine more example of balance is that a person has difficulty walking, often grabbing objects to support their body. Drinking alcohol can have effects such as mood swings, and unable to control ones self and can sometimes let truly violent. T he frontal lobes control planning, forming ideas, qualification decisions/judgement and utilize self control. Alcohol disrupts the frontal lobes and can create these effects.It is illegal to drive while having more than 0. 08 % blood alcohol concentration because the alcohol will affect decision making while driving and become very dangerous if poor decisions are made. Violent tendencies similarly come from the induce of alcohol. Two thirds of victims who suffered violence by an intimate have composinged alcohol has been a factor. Drinking alcohol can also have self-destructive thoughts and attempts. In 2002, 3 million youth were at risk of suicidal attempts. The suicidal thoughts and attempts are because the frontal lobe controls thoughts and judgement while under the influence of alcohol.An example of poor decision making is when a person decides to jump down two stories from a balcony. An example of mood swings is that a person will be cheerful when drinking, save depressed later can be common effects. An example of self control, is when a person has violent rages that he/she cannot control that causes reckless pervert. When a person thinks of an action, their body will act it out. The brain sends messages by dint of the spine and to a certain differentiate of the body carrying out the instructions through a set of nerves in the skittish system.Alcohol slows down the telephone exchange anxious(p) system which makes actions/movements, speech and thoughts slower by inhibiting signals between the head, spinal cord and nerve endings . Alcohol is a central noisome depressant and have life threatening effects on the bodys nervous system. The nervous system takes more damage than any other part of the body. Alcohol decreases the central nervous systems activity, and reduces anxiety, tension, and inhibitions. Drinking on a empty stomach can make the alcohol rush through your bloodstream faster, although drinking while eating doesnt necessarily mean tha t you wont get drunk.Stroke, heart round out and dementia can be the results of alcohols effect on the nervous system. Another example of when alcohol acts on the nervous system is when your words slur and vision will start to blur. Memory loss and unconsciousness/blackout can happen when a person drinks too much alcohol. The alcohol affects the hippocampus part of the brain, and is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. The hippocampus is vital to breeding and memories and also vulnerable to continuing alcohol consumptions. When induced alcohol, it can affect the brain and can make you forget the recent memories of events.And having drunk alcohol has been shown to decrease the leger of the hippocampus having induced too much alcohol in very little time can make you black out and forget whole events. If alcohol redress the hippocampus, people may find great(p) to grasp at memories and may find it hard to learn. This affects teens because of learning disabilities whic h could make them fall behind in school. An example of memory loss is, when Joe stays at his assistant Bobs house, but he got drunk, passed out and woke up the other day not remembering what he was demeanour at his friends house.Alcohol can affect the hippocampus and affect your learning and memory. Blood pressure, hunger, thirst and the itching to urinate, even death are the effects of alcohol on the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls/ regulates the bodys functions. Some of the functions that the hypothalamus performs are autonomic nervous system controls that help regulate eating and drinking, controls body temperature, body fluid, electrolyte balance and weight. When teens drink, they get a warm feeling inside their body. What actually happens is their blood pressure and body heat are rapidly decreasing. goal move ons because the body temperature and blood pressure are dropping, also because there is too much alcohol in ones system(alcohol blood concentration 0. 40%) Ea ch year, approximately 5, 000 youth die from alcohol. Hunger and thirst occur because the hypothalamus regulates eating and drinking and is disrupted by the alcohol. That is also the reason for the urge to urinate because of the regulation of tangible fluids. Alcohol can affect your hypothalamus and disrupt your bodys natural functions. unconsciousness, low body temperature and slow breathing are the effects of alcohol on the medulla.The medulla controls automatic functions such as breathing, consciousness and body temperature. By acting on the medulla, alcohol induces sleep, which causes blackouts and unconsciousness. This also means that a persons breathing would be affected and would be life threatening because their breathing would slow. A persons body temperature also decreases below figure creating hypothermia, particularly if the person drinks in cold temperatures. Alcohol is a life costing drug that should be precautioned. Alcohol and the body Alcohol also has huge impact s on health and the human body.The alcohol first passess through the mouth and into the body. From there, it goes into the stomach. Some of the alcohol goes into bloodstream in the stomach, but most of it goes on to the midget intestine. In the small intestines, the alcohol enters the bloodstream through the walls of the intestines. Then, the heart pumps the alcohol throughout the body. Next, the alcohol reaches the brain. After that, the colored works to oxidize the alcohol at a rate of 0. 5 oz per hour. Finally, the alcohol converts into pissing carbon and energy.Health problems that alcohol can cause are high blood pressure, osteoporosis(bone disease), stroke and cancer, including detractor cancer. Alcohol can have big impacts on the body. Alcohol can has huge impacts on the heart and health. The heart is a pump for your blood to flow throughout your body and is the biggest muscle in your body. The effects of alcohol on the heart can cause good and bad effects. The benefits o f drinking alcohol are youre less likely to get cardiovascular disease. One way is that the alcohol can increase good cholesterol which prevents clots and heart attacks.There are also many dangerous effects of alcohol on the heart when heavy alcohol consumptions occurs excessive intake of alcohol will more likely give you high blood pressure and puts extra strain on the heart, increases the amount of fat circulating in the bloodstream, people who drink too much will increase their risk of experiencing stroke and would cause atrial fibrillation-irregular heartbeats which could increase stroke. Alcohol has both benefits and risks depending on the consumption. Through the pathway of alcohol, it passes through the digestive system.The alcohol can irritate the stomach, causing it to produce more acid than usual, causing inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The side effects are stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea and in heavy drinkers, bleeding. The long term consequences of alcohol ar e the increase of getting cancer of your mouth, tongue, throat, stomach and pancreas. Alcohol can also make it difficult to digest viands and absorb any nutrients from the food you just ate. This is because the alcohol reduces enzyme production in the pancreas making it hard to break down and absorb the fat and nutrients.A thinkable way to protect your stomach is to eat voluminous carbohydrates and drink a lot of water that would slow down the the rate of which your body absorbs alcohol. Death is possible too. If your unconscious, it is possible that you will throw up in your mouth and die of choking on the vomit it would be stuck in your respiratory system and your lungs would not get air. Alcohol, if not, is a very unhealthy inwardness to your stomach and digestive system. Your colorful is one of your most vital organs in your body. Your colorfuls main job is detoxification-to filter your blood for toxins coming from the digestive tract.Liver disease is used to describe the damage make upon your liver from the alcohol. There are two main types of liver disease acute meaning liver problems develops over a few months and chronic liver disease is damage done to the liver over a number of years. Some reasons why alcohol causes liver disease are 1. Oxidative stress. The liver takes up a lot of stress filtering the alcohol and the chemical reaction can cause damage to the cells. This could cause inflammation and scarring as the liver tries to regenerate itself. 2. Alcohol causes damages to the small intestines releasing bacterium that is carried out onto the liver.Long term effects on the liver can cause many liver disease, fat deposited due to absorbing of alcohol leads to fatty liver disease and cirrhosis-a complete shutdown of the liver because it is so damaged. Heavy alcohol consumptions can have a great deal to the liver and your health. Alcohol also damages the kidney. Whether its acute or chronic alcohol consumption, the alcohol will damage the kidn eys. The functions of the kidneys is to filter blood-the kidneys remove metabolic waste, controls the bodys fluid balance, regulates the balance of electrolytes, regulation of blood volume and pressure and maintaining electrolyte levels in blood.As the kidneys filters blood, urine is created and stored in the kidneys pelvis. Alcohol can cause all kinds of damage to your kidneys. Alcohol fakes the filtering system of the kidneys and damages the balance of water and ions in the body. Drinking alcohol can cause high blood pressure and is the second leading cause to chronic kidney disease. The alcohol also alter filtering levels that will increase urination when drinking which is why you have to go to the washroom every five minutes, but is important to keep hydrated because by urinating, you get rid of your bodys water.Alcohol impacts the kidneys and kidneys are vital to the human body. How alcohol impacts teens and families Alcohol impacts teens and families a lot. Alcohol abuse amon g teens is a common problem. Statistics say that 80% of high school students report drinking alcohol and 40% of high school students report purifying alcohol by the eighth grade. Some effects of alcohol abuse are horny problems. Alcohol abuse can cause emotional problems like depression and anxiety. Alcohol abuse can cause severity in these problems. Statistics say that eighth grade girls that have alcohol abuse are more likely to attempt suicide.Some of the reasons that teens drink are peer pressure. E. x. Your friends are all drinking and youre the one who doesnt. Your friends will make fun of you and say youre a loser. Fun and adventure. E. x. You want to try beer of alcohol for fun or for adventures and you try a sip. Then gulps and are not able to control yourself. Curiosity. E. x. Youve seen them in the television. Youve seen it in movies people(mostly adults) drinking alcohol and getting crashed. Your parents warned you about the effects of alcohol and becoming an sousing. scarcely you still wonder what it feels like to drink a sip of alcohol. So you take a bottleful of beer take a drink. You get a warm feeling inside. Then you cant control yourself and drink way too much and have a hangover. Self esteem. Some teens have a low self esteem and they want to advertise it. Drinking alcohol will not boost self esteem, but causes depression instead. To cope with stress. E. x. You are under a lot of stress from school, relationships, e. t. c. When drinking alcohol, a feeling of happy and awefree. Scientists have discovered that drinking alcohol releases serotonin which is a happy chemical.Alcohol also affects teens when driving. It is not a good idea to drive with someone who is impaired that drives. Having more than 0. 08% of blood alcohol concentration can affect judgement, judgement to know if youre intoxicated , especially when driving and is considered illegal to drive with above 0. 08% blood alcohol concentration . Statistics show that in 2010, 10,2 28 were killed in alcohol impaired driving crashes, almost one third of all the traffic related deaths in the United States. Impaired drinking continues to be the number one road safety issue in Canada.Alcohol also affects the family around you. When teens are killed in car accidents, their families are greatly impacted. The family would be loaded down with sadness as they hear the police tell that your son or daughter was killed by drunk driving and would never forget. non only does it impact parents, but children as well. Theres a same possibility that the parents/ guardians couldve died in a car accident as well. The children have to take care of themselves and for each other now that their parents, unless taken to foster parents and can sometimes never recover from the tragedy.Not only does drunk driving affect families, but alcoholics too. Alcoholism is a family disease that affects everyone in the family. Usually, the alcoholic doesnt know that theyre an alcoholic until its too late. The child works extra hard trying to be a perfect that they dont upset the alcoholic, but always takes the pick is called the scapegoat. The other family member tries to make the alcoholic drink more and tries to hide the fact that alcohol is the problem and is called the enabler. Alcohol impacts teens and also families as well.

English Department Essay Example for Free

English Department strainFrom various lit durationtures, there is no clear definition about what postmodernism is. Dr. Mary Klages (2003), Associate Professor in the English Department at University of Colorado, says that postmodernism cannot be defined in a single call. Instead, postmodernism can be considered as a tangled term since it appears as a concept that exists in variety of employment including art, science, sociology, and technology.Postmodernism present as the sign of new times, an outcome of ever-changing trends in all areas of human life, the bam of new social, political, cultural, and economic values which are maddening great human behavioural changes in organizations. In addition, the postmodernism is considered as a new expression of philosophic, ontological, methodological, scientific, artistic, political, social, economic, etc. trends, and therefore a new outlook which educate limits and deficiencies on modern expressions.Moreover, postmodernism is a new figure of speech approach to knowledge, and it is also a new paradigm of aesthetic. Concerning the discussion of postmodernism, information science and technology, this paper will take into account the discussion about knowledge management in organizations. The reason to include the discussion of postmodernism in organizations is because it represents the use of information science, sociology, and knowledge. I. 2 Characteristics of Postmodernism Organizations both structure can be called as an organization because it is designed to carry out a condition purpose.Organizations are living systems, oriented in the direction of a trend of self-organized patterns, structures and processes which respond to demands of a complex and confused, changing environment through constant and permanent learning. Historically, organization theory originated from academic institutions within the context of socially legitimized public institutions. Under such circumstances, learning capacity of org anizations becomes key determinant in their selection to face various business challenges.Some characteristics of postmodernism organizations which influence on organizational analysis are as following 1. Identification With might organism 2. Emphasis Effectiveness 3. Structure In function of market place needs 4. Focus of power Centralized in knowledge and experience 5. Orientation Toward Market (Boje, M Dennehy 2000) In organization practices, it is found that postmodernism tends to forces the organizations to avoid human beings from bureaucratic structures. This is because postmodernism has the philosophy to provide informality instead of complexity (Boje, M Dennehy 2000).Links between modernity and postmodernism Modernity is often characterized by canvass modern societies to pre-modern or post-modern ones, and the understanding of those non-modern social statuses is far from an issue. To an extent, it is reasonable to doubt the very possibility of a descriptive concept th at can adequately capture diverse realities of societies of various historical contexts. In term of social structure, many of the defining events and characteristics listed above stem from a transition from relatively isolated local communities to a more integrated large-scale society.There is a shift from the model of the modernist, factory-bureaucracy a laid structure, with everything in place to do its particular function to the place where it has a connected with different types changing formation in response to the conditions. II. Postmodernism, Social Science and technology In sociology point of view, there is a notion that postmodernism is considered as the results of the changes in parsimoniousness, culture, and demography.In addition, postmodernism is also considered as the factors that contribute to the rise of service economy and the increasing interdependence of world economy. Concerning the relation of postmodernism in technology, there is a notion that technological utopianism is a common trait in Western history and it is true in postmodernism era with some changes in the manifestation. In postmodernism era, the expression of technology comes in the form of the sudden increase in analog tummy broadcasting of television.In this situation, people see the mass broadcasting of television as a liberating force to human affairs since television has capability to provide various understandable symbols. This situation drives Newton N Minow to consider television as a vast wasteland. Another expression of technology in postmodernism era is the development of digital networking. In this view, digital communications are believed to provide modern society with supportive feature since people are now enabling to experiences in art, culture, and community that they think as being correct.

Cell Theory and Knowledge and Understanding Essay Example for Free

Cell scheme and Knowledge and Understanding EssayExplain how the advance in technology altogetherowed the progressive accumulation of familiarity and understanding of the prison cell theory The technological advancements, in the scientific field, have opened opportunities for scientists to accumulate companionship and understanding of the cell theory and have thus provided justification to the living organisms that exist. Notably, prior to the proposal of the cell theory, limited knowledge and understanding of what humans comprised of was evident and thus the theory of spontaneous generation was brought forth.This theory, which has been disproved by Virchow in 1855, suggests that living matter arouses spontaneously from non-living matter. As a consequence of limited technology, many large number believed this theory as technological inventions like the light compound microscope, which showed life, were non-existent at the time. Evidently, in 1665, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, invented his avow compound microscope and observed the cellular nature of the cork.The topic of cells was brought forth and from this moment, in 1674 Leeuwenhoek viewed microscope animalcules and in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann produced the cell theory, stating that all living things are made of cells and cells are the basic unit of organisms. Moreover, the technological introduction of stains were developed and assisted scientists to efficiently see cells and their internal structures.This maculation technique, as a result of technology, created a contrast among the transparent material and its background, siting a clear image of the cell. Therefore, through the technology advancement in staining techniques, the processes of the cells and nuclear division of the cell were visible. Significantly, towards the end of the 19th century, compound light microscopes had been developed to a even where the resolving power of microscopes was diminishing, with difficulty in sep arating objects.The next scientific breakthrough was evident as a result of the invention of the electron microscope, in 1933, which had a magnification of up to one million generation and can show detailed images of internal structures. Thus, the accumulation of knowledge of the cell theory being radical, present the idea that the advancement of technology has had a tremendous impact on the cell theory.

Cabernet Sauvignon Essay Example for Free

Cabernet Sauvignon Es orderAs with all wine-colou violents, the special(prenominal) winery entrust produce adequate say in the look of wine he go away produce. That said, wild wines are often categorise by body-type. For example, 1 talent say that a reliable rosy-cheeked wine is light-bodied referring to the mouth- incur and tannic acid structure. A light-bodied wine will go through less tannins present and little armorial bearing on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding powerners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied chromatic wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as Frances famed issue deprivation wine Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied vehement wine will integrate to a greater extent tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, scarcely will not have draw close the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian A-one Tuscan. true examples of medium-bodied red wines in clude Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines rollick the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. meridian examples of deep reds are Frances esteem Bordeaux wines, Californias learn Cabs and Italys sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to feel more like water in the mouth.In contrast, full-bodied wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is callable in large part to the higher(prenominal) tannin (and again, alcohol) content. change trigger-happy WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate say in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by body-type. For example, one might say that a certain red wine is light-bodied referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate.These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one der ived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as Frances famed young red wine Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti.Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are Frances esteemed Bordeaux wines, Californias key Cabs and Italys sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to feel more like water in the mouth. In contrast, full-bodied wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate say in the style of wine he will produce.That said, red wines are often classified by body-type. For example, one might sa y that a certain red wine is light-bodied referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as Frances famed young red wine Beaujolais Nouveau.A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are Frances esteemed Bordeaux wines, Californias key Cabs and Italys sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to feel more like water in the mouth.In contrast, full-bodied wines feel heav ier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate say in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by body-type. For example, one might say that a certain red wine is light-bodied referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate.These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as Frances famed young red wine Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content.Prime examples of full-bodied reds are Frances esteemed Bordeaux wines, Californias key Cabs and Italys sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to feel more like water in the mouth. In contrast, full-bodied wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate say in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by body-type. For example, one might say that a certain red wine is light-bodied referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as Frances famed young red wine Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan.Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are Frances esteemed Bordeaux wines, Californias key Cabs and Italys sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to feel more like water in the mouth. In contrast, full-bodied wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red Wines.

Tort Law Essay Example for Free

Tort Law EssayAfter reviewing the f d everyys, I would send word Jason, centime and insure Fashions, Ltd. of their possible obtains of fulfil vis--vis the parties who whitethorn be held credible for upons for their default, namely, Alice, Joyce, the junior compensate, the encourage who administered the anti-tetanus serum, and Richards dogma Hospital. In contingent, I would advise Jason to take legal action against Alice, the student driver, for damages sustained by him as a reticuloendothelial systemult of the collision with her automobile. My advice is based upon the situation that Alice is liable for actionable carelessness. Traditionally, the elements of a precedent of action for remissness are (1) a duty to use intelligent tending (2) a chastening to conform to the required mensuration (3) a reasonably close causal connection between the take over and the resulting distress, comm sole(prenominal) called proximate reasonableness or legal pee and (4) a ctual loss or damage to the aggrieved political party (Prosser 1982). Alice did non comply with her duty of seeing to it that her act of impetuous does not result in injury to an another(prenominal). Knowing that she must(prenominal) be particularly apportionful at a road instalment designated for people crossing, she should give up slowed overmaster. Her not exercising reasonable care time driving is the proximate cause of the accident, which resulted in actual damage to Jason. I would, however, caution Jason that the proletariat of proving the negligence of Alice would not be slatternly or simple. The fact of the accident occurring having been proved, Jason would now have to show that Alice was negligent, and that much(prenominal) negligence is the proximate cause of his injury. To do this, he has to show that Alice fell short of the measuring stick of care required, that is, she failed to do what a reasonable, careful mortal would do under the like or similar circ umstances (Prosser 1982). Jason whitethorn argue that in determining negligence, the law makes no distinction as to whether or not the defendant is a learner driver or an experienced professional, that what is judge of Alice is that standardized of care expected of a reasonable world in order to prevent a foreseeable wrong. A reasonably diligent person ought to be aware(predicate) that earthbound crossings are designated passageways for people and that it is a basic rule among motorists to exercise overdue care when approaching such crossings. As every learner driver ought to know, one of the fundamentals of safe driving is to be always alert at baby-walker crossings traffic signs are adequate warning to this effect. Thus, a reasonably diligent driver should approach such crossing with caution by slowing down , his foot poised to impress the brake pedal if necessary. Judicial notice may be taken of the fact that braking is one of the first skills taught a learner driver. I n fine, Jason would have to satisfy the court (2) that the negligence of Alice is the proximate cause of Jasons injury, and (2) that there is no tri moreoverary negligence on his part. Proximate cause has been defined as that act or omission which immediately causes or fails to prevent the injury an act or omission occurring or concurring with another which, if it had not happened, the injury would not have been inflicted. (Tennessee Trailways, Inc. v Ervin, Supreme tourist court of Tennessee, 1969). In the instant case, the omission of care on the part of Alice as she approached the pedestrian crossing would have prevented the accident thus her negligence is the proximate cause of it.Jury instructions in the state of Texas define proximate cause as that cause which, in a natural and round-the-clock sequence, unbroken by any new and independent cause, give rises an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred and in order to have a proximate cause the act or omission complained of must be such that a person using ordinary care would have foreseen the event, or some(prenominal) similar event, which might reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an event. (Prosser 1982). Since contributory negligence either bars the victim from award of damages or reduces the get along thereof, the defendant would probably adduce bear witness of contributory negligence on the part of Jason. Alice may contest that Jason is solely to blame for the accident. He should have realized that in his intoxicated condition he is habituated to danger from passing vehicles. Alice would attempt to show that a drunk person may not cabal his state of intoxication to evade business for his own negligence, and that Jason ought to have foreseen the possible consequences of his crossing the street while drunk. In U.S. courts where the doctrine of contributory negligence is still in force resort has sometimes been do to the old comm on law doctrine of last clear chance a complainant is allowed to notice damages upon showing that the defendant had the last clear chance to subjugate the accident. Under this doctrine, the later negligence of the defendant makes him liable for negligence on the assumption that he is the more culpable whose opportunity to avoid the injury was later. (Kansas City Southern R. Co. v Ellzey (1927)However, the said doctrine is history for being opusifestly inequitable in its operation because it fails to distribute responsibility in proportion to fault. (LI v Yellow Cab Co. of atomic number 20 Supreme courtyard of California, 1975). In the United States, the last clear chance doctrine appears to have been modify or superseded by the theory of comparative or gross negligence or a cabal of both, and the issue of determining the best principle to be utilise in such cases is now being shifted to the legislative branch. In the United Kingdom, contributory negligence is provided unde r statutory law. A plaintiff who is frame to be liable thereto may recover damages subject to a reduction to an achievement to be determined by the Court. As provided under Section 1(1) of the Law Reform (conducive Negligence) Act of 1954, in cases where contributory negligence occurs, the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced to such extent as the Court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimants share in the responsibility for the damage. In view thereof, I would advise Jason that the damages to be awarded him in case of a lucky verdict shall be reduced as the Court shall see fit upon a finding of contributory negligence on his part. Regarding the question of whether or not Jasons act of walking in the pedestrian crossing while drunk constitutes contributory negligence, I submit that, yes, it may possibly be so construed. Alice may invoke the aforesaid statutory provision stating that contributory negligence occurs when there is a share-out of fa ult by both parties. She may likewise cite the ruling in Froom v meatman (1976), where the Court held that negligence is a mans carelessness in breach of duty to others. Contributory negligence is a mans carelessness in looking after his own safety. He is guilty of contributory negligence if he ought reasonably to have foreseen that, if he did not act as a reasonable prudent man, he might be hurt himself.However, I maintain my place that Jasons crossing the street oblivious to all traffic does not ipso facto show that he was aware of a foreseeable harm to himself. A person crossing a street is not expected to be always on the lookout for learner drivers while doing so they rely on the fact that any motorist is aware of its being a pedestrian crossing and should observe proper care when approaching and passing through it. Every pedestrian or motorist always assumes that the other person behind the wheel knows what he is doing.Whether drunk or alert, one cannot possibly foresee that a particular motor vehicle is being driven by a negligent driver. In the case of OConnel v Jackson (1972) (where an employee rode on a traxcavator against orders, thereby exposing himself to danger, and was crushed when another vehicle rammed into it), it was opined that foreseeability is not the peremptory test of causation. It is often a relevant factor, but it is not decisive. Inasmuch as foreseeability is not decisive, Jason may confound contributory negligence by showing that he could not have foreseen being struck by a learner drivers car as he crosses the street.I submit that Alice may not evade liability through negligence by showing that she could not have foreseen that a drunk person would ignore the flow of traffic. If that reasoning were allowed, a lame person, an unassisted child or elderly person, a blind man walking with a cane, or any person with deterioration who take the pedestrian crossing (and who are perfectly aware of the possibility, however remote, that t hey would be hit by an oncoming car) would also be liable for contributory negligence in the event of an accident. Contributory negligence must be proven in court it cannot be presumed. In a U.S. case, the plaintiff was hurt by a passing train owned by the defendant who was then walking on defendants right-of-way along a much-used path at the end of the crossties of its main track and was hit by an open car door. The jury found that plaintiffs injuries were caused by his own negligence.However, in a certiorari before the Circuit Court of Appeals, the appeals court held that the evidence required a finding that plaintiff was guilty of negligence that contributed to cause his injuries. Accordingly, judgment below was reversed. (Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938). Thus, a very drunk person crossing a street cannot be presumed negligent his contributory negligence must be proved to bar a claim for damages. As regards the liability of the ambulance driver, I submit that both Jason and Penny as well as the owner of Fancy Fashions Ltd. have a possible cause of action against Joyce, the driver of the ambulance owing to his presumed negligence. The fact that the accident occurred while he was in an emergency situation does not free him of responsibility. Citing several U.S. court decisions, Prosser (1982) noted It is obvious, and elementary, that the care required by the standard of the reasonable man will vary according to the risk. As the danger increases, the actor is required to exercise caution conterminous with it, and to be more careful.He also took note of other decisions which insist that there are no degrees of care but merely amounts of care, greater or less, that the care required of the actor is always the same under the traditional formula, that of a reasonable man under like circumstances and that the greater danger, or the greater responsibility are merely circumstances that require of him a greater amount of care. In proving the negligence of Joyce , the crash of the ambulance driven by him into the shop of Fancy Fashions, Ltd. is a case where the maxim of res ipsa loquitor may be applicable. A Tennessee court held Where a motor vehicle, without apparent cause, runs aside the road and causes harm, the prescript inference is that the driver was negligent, and res ipsa loquitor is usually held to apply (Tenessee Trailways, Inc. v Ervin (1969). However, pursuant to the said doctrine, the running off the road of a vehicle may not be construed as negligence per se, but simply gives rise to three different effects (1) It warrants an inference of negligence which the jury may draw or not, as their judgment dictates.(2) It raises a presumption of negligence which requires the jury to find negligence if defendant does not produce evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption. (3) It not only raises such a presumption but also shifts the ultimate burden of proof to defendant and requires him to prove by a preponderance of all the evid ence that the injury was not caused by his negligence. If Joyce would be able to show that he did exercise reasonable care in driving the ambulance, and that there was an intervening cause (such as a third party that could have caused him to swerve off the road), the presumption of negligence arising from the maxim of res ipsa loquitor would be overcome. The three plaintiffs may implead in their action the employer of the ambulance (St. Richards Teaching Hospital), being jointly liable for failing to exercise due diligence in the hiring of driver. Under the principle of vicarious liability (respondeat superior), the employer is responsible for the negligence of his employee which results in injury to another. Pursuant to this doctrine, an employer will be liable for the negligence of an employee committed while the employee is acting in the kitchen stove of his employment. An employee acts in the scope of his employment when he is doing something in furtherance of the duties he owe s to his employer . . . (Lundberg v State Court of Appeals of New York, 1969). With respect to the damage sustained by Jason arising possibly from the administering of antibiotics, I would advise Jason that he may have an actionable right against the junior doctor (and against the hospital for vicarious liability), provided that Jason would be able to produce expert testimony that the combination of alcohol and antibiotics, with or without the nervy caused by the ambulance crash, would have produced the injury, and regardless of whether or not the junior doctor consulted the operating surgeon. I base my advise on the doctrine of informed accept which requires a atomic number 101 to fully disclose to his patient the possible consequences of a given treatment. In Scott v Bradford (1979), the Supreme Court of Oklahoma stated the law does not permit a physician to championship his judgment for that of the patient by any form of artifice. Consent to medical treatment, to be effecti ve, should stem from an reasonableness decision based on adequate information about the treatment, the available alternatives, and the collateral risks. . . If a physician breaches this duty, patients agree is defective, and physician is responsible for the consequences. As in the case against Alice, I would advise Jason that the recovery of damages against the junior doctor would depend upon the findings of the trial court, i.e., a question of fact to be determined on the basis of the evidence. Moreover, the defendant physician may contend that the doctrine of informed consent is not absolute there are exceptions, such as when the information is already obvious or known, or in case of an emergency wherein the information might alarm the patient and aggravate his condition.The doctor might contend that since his primary duty is to do what is best for his patient who is unconscious anyway, he cannot be held liable for withholding information. As enunciated in Canterbury v Spence ( 1972), the patient has the burden of going forward with evidence tending to sustain prima facie the essential elements of the cause of action. The burden of proving an exception to his duty and thus a privilege not to disclose, rests upon the physician as an approbatory defense. Under the first rule, the junior doctor may not be held liable solely on the ground that he did not consult the surgeon who performed the operation on Jason, his skill or competence being presumed. But assuming it is proved that the jolting in the ambulance did not contribute to or cause the paralysis but only the antibiotics treatment, the legal task of proving negligence on the part of the junior doctor would still be an uphill battle. The defendant would applaud the presumptions under the first and fourth rule he is presumed competent, and is likewise presumed as not negligent. On the other hand, Jason would have to prove that his administering antibiotics to Jason despite his being intoxicated with a lcohol is contrary to or deviates from the standard of close medical practice in the community. In Boyce v Brown (1938), the issue was whether the taking of an x-ray of the plaintiffs fractured ankle was considered standard practice (it was not). such(prenominal) question regarding standard practice may only be resolved by the testimony of experts in the medical field. Thus, Jason and company must present affirmative evidence of negligence, such as the failure of the junior doctor to comply with the recognized or standard procedures in such cases, resulting in the injury. As regards the nurse who administered the anti-tetanus injection, the above rules would likewise have to be applied. If it is considered standard procedure in hospitals or in the medical community to test a patient for allergic reaction before being given a drug which may have fatal effects in case a patient is allergic thereto, her failure to observe or comply with the said standard resulting in injury to Penny, in addition to the other elements stated above, would make her presumptively liable for malpractice. The nurse may contend in her defense that the allergy test is not standard or conventional practice (if such is indeed the case), and that this rule (otherwise known as the locality rule) should not be applied anymore by the courts owing to the growing variance in the knowledge and skill of physicians throughout the field and the world. If the evidence would warrant a finding of liability due to negligence on the part of the nurse, I would advise my client to implead the attending physician who had given the order to the nurse, as well as the hospital on the ground of respondeat superior. Suppose Jason proves his case against Alice, a question arises as to what extent she would be liable for damages in view of the fact that the injuries suffered by Jason may have been aggravated by the ambulance crash. In such case, the damages shall be apportioned on the basis of the liability of the parties responsible for the first and the guerrilla accident. The Colorado Court of Appeals, deciding Bruckman v Pena (1971) cited the general rule that one injured by the negligence of another is entitled to recover the damages proximately caused by the act of the tort-feasor, and the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish that the damages he seeks were proximately caused by the negligence of the defendant. Subject to the above qualifications and views, Jason, Penny and Fancy Fashions Ltd. may burden the appropriate action for damages which will be determined by the evidence presented in court. Such awards may include but are not limited to medical expenses, the loss of earnings as a result of injury or incapacity, and moral damages due to the pain and suffering caused by the defendants tortious acts or omissions. Finally, I would advise Jason, Penny and Fancy Fashion, Ltd. that despite the wealth of jurisprudence on tort cases, there is no clear-cut approach to a particular case, and the outcome of the cases they would file in court would depend most entirely on the evidence they would present during trial, and how the trier of fact would measure them.REFERENCESBoyce v Brown (1938) 51 Ariz. 416, 77 P .2d 455Bruckman v Pena (1971) 29 Colo. App. 357Canterbury v Spence (1972) 150 US. App. D.C. 263, 464 F. 2d 772Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938) 304 U.S. 64Froom v Butcher (1976) QB 286, 291Kansas City Southern R. Co. v Ellzey (1927) 275 U.S. 236Larson v St. Francis Hotel (1948) 83 Cal.App.2d 210LI v Yellow Cab Co. of California (1975) Supreme Court of CaliforniaLundberg v State Court of Appeals of New York (1969)OConnel v Jackson (1972) QB 270Prosser, W. Wade, J. Schwartz, V. Cases and Materials on Torts (1982). 7th edition. New York, Foundation Press, Inc.Scott v Bradford (1979) 606 P.2d 554 Tennessee Trailways, Inc. v Ervin (1969) 275 U.S. 236

Care Delivery & Management Essay Example for Free

Care Delivery focus EssayThe purpose of this assignment is to consult upon my individual(prenominal)ised and professional knowledge. It leave alone consider the tint of the give direction I digestd, the skills I stand uped in my specialist placement, plus my information since the commencement of my nurse training. person-to-person nurture and self-reflection will be identified. I sh tout ensemble be apply Gibbs (1988) thoughtful one shot to consider my practice. Gibbs (1988) pondering Cycle brasss at six aspects which include the following what happened, what were my thoughts and toneings, what was good or bad about the moderate a go at it, what smack fag end I sack up out of the state of affairs, what else could I excite d superstar and if it arose a pull ahead what would I do? Findings will be back up or contrasted by relevant literature. A conclusion will be offered to evaluate findings. I shall in addition include an action plan, which will addr ess future professional and personal development single- quantifyd function ups and whatever factors that may champion or hinder this. I will similarly consider why I piddle selected these issues for my action plan, what my goals are and how I aim to achieve them.At the beginning of my nurse training we were asked to write on a piece of piece what our comment of nurse was. I wrote Its about creation human. At the magazine these words were based on my gut noniceing and personal belief. Now, two and a half(prenominal) years later, I would write the very(prenominal) thing, but this clipping my definition would be based on the skills, intimacy and experiences I belief permit and grateful to collect had during my training and non just on gut feeling and personal belief. How does this knowledge impact on me in terms of practice? I deal now put my definition of nursing into a framework and relate the theory of it to practice, for example I send away localize when I am actively under(a)taking fretting management with a persevering role. This is quite an performance for me.What else switch I learnt? I pick out gained knowledge of illnesses and understand how bio-psycho-social aspects of noetic illness impact on the individual, their family and their demeanor. I keep excessively developed a good shadoweronical knowledge of practical skills much(prenominal) as counselling, anxiety management, taxment, nursing and converse models, tighty-solving and psychotherapy. This knowledge and development of practical skills has en spread outd my self confidence and self esteem to grow.What things book had the just about influence on my personal and professional learning? These things are what Its about being human means to me as a nurse. They include a humanistic care philosophy. Evidence call d ca use of goods and servicess that tolerants imbibe found the humanistic care philosophy to be demonstrable and helpful to their well-being (Be ech, Norman 1995.) humanitarian care believes in developing trust, the nurse-patient relationship, apply the self as a remedial tool, spending clipping to be with and do with the patient (Hanson 2000,) patient presentment, the patient as an equal partners in their care (Department Of wellness 1999,) respect for the patients uniqueness, reference of the patient as an expert on themselves (Nelson-J peerlesss 1982, Playle 1995, Horsfall 1997). Equally Coperni wad to me is person-centred care, Rogers (1961) unconditional positive regard, w girdth, genuineness and empathy, recognition of counter-transference, self-reflection and self-awareness.I was on placement with Liaison psychological medicine also known as Deliberate Self Harm. The team consisted of my learn and myself. In this placement we would assess patients who had fencely self harmed. Patients would be referred via AE merely. We would see patients whilst they were still in AE or after they had been transferred to hos pital wards for medical treatment for their injuries etc. We would only see patients once they were medically fit to have a psychiatrical discernment.The purpose of the assessment was to find out what was happening for the individual and see if we could offer any help via mental health services to the individual, this is do via implementing APIE the nursing process (Hargreaves 1975). The main focus was to consider what tier of risk we tangle the patient was in. Therefore we pick outed to establish what the individuals intent was at the time of the deliberate self harm, and if suicidal, whether they still had suicidal intent after the incident. We also held a weekly counselling clinic.I considered Gibbs (1988) brooding Cycle. How did I feel about this placement? At first I was apprehensive as to how I would feel traffic with patients who do not necessarily want to live. I belong to a profession that saves lives, so I felt an inner conflict. This is an anxiety that is recognis ed in most nurses (Whitworth 1984). In my first few weeks I felt distressed by the traumatic heretoforets that these patients were experiencing. I felt flagitious that I have a family who love me, a fulfilling career, a lovely home and no debts, consequently each day I clack to stack who may have no home, no money, no one to love them and no employment. It was hard for me to make aesthesis of these things when life circumstances, such as class, status, wealth, tuition and employment create unfairness. I felt a desire to help try and emend the quality of these patients positions. Midence (1996) has identified that these feelings are a normal response when dealing with others less fortunate that ourselves.Patients who attempt self-destruction have lost hope (Beck 1986). I felt more(prenominal) settled and positive once I was able to make sense of the situation (Gibbs 1988). I stimulated that could help by listening to these patients and help to restore hope, develop problem solving ideas to tackle some of their problems or referring them to gain the emotional help and certification they requisiteed from appropriate mental health services. Patients find help with problem solving extremely valuable and can help them feel able to cope (McLaughlin 1999). Generally, after most assessments, I learnt that listening, prominent emotional support and problem solving helped restore enough hope in the previously suicidal patient enable them to feel safe from future self harm. In only a handful of cases did my mentor and I need to admit patients to any inpatient facility under the Mental health Act (1983). This was beca mapping they still felt at risk of future self-harm. by using Gibbs (1988) broody Cycle to consider my special placement area I feel I have been able to change my nursing practice in a positive delegacy, initially from feeling anxious, red-handed and helpless when dealing with suicidal patients to feeling useful, constructive and positive. I ve learnt that by confronting my own feelings of guilt and discomfort I was able to help in a very positive, practical, constructive and empowering agency. My mentor identified that one of my strengths is that I can generally combine common sense, logic and practicality in terms of risk assessment and problem solving and still build up a sensitive and caring, curative relationship when dealing with patients whose circumstances are in crisis and complicated and they themselves are emotionally and mentally vulnerable.Nurses not only need good communication skills (Faulkner 1998) but they also need to have an environment conductive to give way communication (Wilkinson 1992). Social barriers such as environment, structure or cultural aspects of healthcare can inhi bend the coat of communication skills (Chambers 2002) Utilising Gibbs (19988) Reflective Model, in retrospect I feel our interview with some patients could have been done other than. On occasion when my mentor and I were in the A E department the two board that we had available for our use were occasionally both in use. This meant that we would conduct our assessment interviews in the P furthermoster Room, if it was empty. This populate was where medical patients would have plaster-casts applied. This was a very clinical room.However, collect to limited room availability this was sometimes the only option we had at the time, it was not a welcoming or appropriate setting and would not have helped patients feel relaxed or valued. In reflection, I believe it was actually demeaning as we were asking patients who had attempted suicide to sit on a hard chair in a clinical workroom and share their despair with us. I am sad that this happened and I feel as though we were giving the patients the impression that a cold clinical work room is all they were worth. If this arose again (Gibbs 1988) I would suggest to my mentor that we wait for one of our allocated rooms to be ascend available, where the rooms were relaxing, with soft armchairs and a feeling of comfort. using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model I shall describe a situation with a patient to highlight my learning. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Neil had been bought to AE by his son after he do an attempt to take his own life. His son explained that Neils married woman had terminal cancer and had died the day before. Neil was unable to engage in conversation other that to repeat everyplace and oer again I dont want to live without my wife. However the more overturned and difficult to communicate a patient is the less interaction they receive therapeutic or differently from nursing round (Cormack 1976, Poole, Sanson-Fisher, Thompson 1981, Robinson 1996a, 1996b). I found this too be true in Neils situation as some A E nurses did not coveting to approach him because of his disturbed state and deadness to verbal cues.What were my thoughts and feeling (Gibbs 1988)? After spending twenty minutes in the assessment interview Neil had remained refractory to our approaches and had remained distressed, distant and uncommunicative for the entire time. I had past experience of recent bereavement within my ready family and I clear that counter-transference was at play and was a reason for my strong emotional reaction to Neils distress resulting in me having an overwhelming desire to ease his suffering. Even though another part of me tacit the need for him to experience this extreme pain as a normal part of grieving.What was good or bad about the experience (Gibbs 1988)? This was not a good experience for me because as a compassionate person, I found it extremely hard to suppress my own feelings of wanting to protect him from such annihilative distress, although I recognised that I was over-identifying with him due to my own grief. I considered that he mogul have been broken by the emotional state he was in and his inability to control his grief he could not speak, maintain eye contact or even physically sta nd.What sense could I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? We adjourned for a few minutes so that my mentor and I could assess the situation. I thought it might be appropriate to utilise Herons Six Category Intervention Analysis (1975) evacuant intervention as a therapeutic strategy to enable the patient to release emotional tightness such as grief, anger, despair and anxiety by helping to (Chambers 1990). I hoped it would facilitate the opportunity for Neil to open up and express his full feelings in a safe and supportive environment. I initially think to sit quietly with him and briefly put a reassuring hand on either his hand, arm or shoulder. My mentor supported this action.I was aware that I ran a risk of misinterpretation by choosing therapeutic touch. Therapeutic touch may be criticised because it is open to misinterpretation by the patient and misapply of power by staff. The patient may view holding anothers hand as a sexual advance, violation or abuse, so nurses should a lways consider patient consent, appropriateness, context and boundaries. article 2.4 of the treat and Midwifery Council (2002) Code Of original Conduct says that at all times healthcare professionals must maintain appropriate boundaries with patients and all aspects of care must be relevant to their inescapably.Therapeutic touch appeared congenial given his situation and seemed appropriate to the context it would be performed in, given that my mentor would supervise me. As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle I considered what else I could have done especially if the situation arose again and mentor not been there. I would may have chosen to utilise Hansons (2000) approach of being with whereby I use therapeutic use of self through the sharing of ones own presence, and not entangled any form of touch, avoiding any misinterpretation or breach of boundaries.I was anxious because I felt concerned that my nursing skills would be inadequate to address his needs due to his acutely dis tressed state. In reflection my mentor helped me acknowledge that this was about my own anxiety rather than being accurately reflective of my nursing ability. I approached Neil and explained that if it was acceptable with him I would akin to sit quietly with him so that he was not alone in his distress. It is likely that the nursing process is therapeutic when nurse and patient can come to know and to respect each other, as persons who are alike and yet different, as persons who share in the solution of problems (Peplau 1988). I gently placed my hand onto his. Neil reacted by given the impression that he physically disintegrated, he become extremely distressed and crying loudly, squeezing my hand tightly.This last outd for several minutes. Neil became calmer and started to talk about his situation. This was a good outcome. I was able to utilise Herons (1975) cathartic strategy with positive way out via empathising with Neils situation and using myself as a therapeutic tool throu gh the use of touch, therefore enabling Neil to express his emotions and activate a nurse-patient relationship. Studies have shown that nurses can express compassion and empathy through touch, using themselves as a therapeutic tool (Routasalo 1999, Scholes 1996) and this has a cathartic value, enabling the patient to express their feelings more easily (Leslie Baillie 1996).The therapeutic value of non-verbal communication and its harmfulness is overlooked (Salvage 1990). Attitudes are evident in the way we interact with others and can create atmospheres that make patient care uncomfortable (Hinchcliff, Norman, Schoeber 1998) On one occasion, one nurse privately referred to Neil as a wimp because he was having difficulty coping with the death of his wife. I wondered whether her body language had transmitted her bad attitude towards Neil, alter to his distress and difficulties in communicating with staff. again using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I shall provide another example to highlight my learning in practice. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Cycle On one occasion my mentor and I received a phone call from A E asking us to review an 18-year-old girl called Emma who had taken an overdose. They said she was medically fit to be assessed. When we arrived they claimed that she was pretending to still feel unwell and described her as milking it. We found her to be vomiting and spy she had been left in a bed in the corridor of A E for 8 hours. McAllister (2001) found that patients who had self-harmed were ignored, had exceptionally long waits and suffered judgemental comments.What were my thoughts and feelings (Gibbs 1988)? I felt very livid towards A E staff as I felt that she was being unfairly treated because she had caused harm to herself, she had been labelled as a troublemaker by staff and I do not believe she had received good quality care. Emma explained that in the last month her father had died, she had miscarried her baby, discovered that her partner was having an affair, and she had been made redundant leaving her with debts that she couldnt pay. As I looked at her, I saw a vulnerable young woman at the end of her tether. I felt saddened and disappointed by the judgemental attitudes of the A E staff who had not even taken the time to talk to Emma or ask her why she had taken an overdose, instead they describe her as an immature and management seeking kid.As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I felt this was a very bad experience of forgetful care, bad attitudes and unacceptable moral judgement being made by A E staff. Cohen (1996) and Nettleton (1995) identify that social status age, gender, race and class contribute to stereotyping and judgemental attitudes. I noticed that muckle who self-harmed were judged differently dependent upon their age and the younger they were the worse the attitude of A and E staff. Interestingly ageism towards juvenility is an area that I could find no research on. I believe ageism towards yo unger people is overlooked and is really only identified in the elderly.During the assessment I was aware of how my physical presence can impact on the care given. However, I have learnt about the importance of considering how one can communicate to the patient via body language. By attending to patients in a non-verbal or physical way it is another method of saying, Im interested, Im listening and I care. To do this during Emmas assessment I utilise Egans (1982) acronym S.O.L.A.R. This meant that I sat facing Emma Squarely, with an Open posture, Leaning towards her, whilst do Eye contact and Relaxing myself, to give her the feeling of my willingness to help. This leaf node centred care recognises her equality in the nurse-patient relationship.What sense did I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? I was very unhappy about the attitude of A E staff but recognised that they had a lack of sense and knowledge. In one study looking at self-harm admissions it was discovered that patie nts who deliberately self-harm are often deemed as unpopular patients, being labelled and judged as time wasters by A E staff. Apparently 55% of general nurses perceived these patients as tutelage seekers and disliked working with them, 64% found it frustrating, 20% found it depressing and almost a triplet found it uncomfortable (Sidley, Renton 1996).What else could I have done (Gibbs 1988) After reflecting upon the experience with my mentor, I was able to realise that part of my role is to act as a representative for mental health. If this happened again what would I do (Gibbs 1988)? If staff were to make judgemental comments again it is part of my role to educate and inform them so they can have a positive understanding of the needs of the mental health patient and learn to address any judgemental comments made. This is a view supported by washbasinstone (1997), who says that if we are made aware of our actions when we are judging and labelling people it is our responsibility to correct this.Medical staff need to be aware of mental health promotion, and need further training and education in respects of helping to care for and understand of this vulnerable patient group (Hawton 2000). This is a view supported by the Department of Health (DOH 1999a) who have recommended closer physical contact between mental health and A E services in an effort to address the poor understanding and negative attitudes of A E staff. I have also learnt that I must look at both sides of each situation and should show more understanding towards the A E staffs feelings, as they are often confronted with shocking and distressing acts of self infliction which can make them feel despair, helpless and unskilled to deal with these sort of patient.I believe nurses negative attitudes develop because we all transcendentally apply own our values and views to everyday situations, people, experiences and interactions. It may be the staff members own coping mechanism to keep their dis tance from the patient or to label them as solicitude seeking in order to make sense of the situation for themselves. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997).In reflection, following the assessment and planning of care for Emma my mentor and I reflected upon the care I provided for her. I recognised that I felt nervous because it was my first experience of conducting an assessment. Having my mentor there to observe me made me feel secure because I trusted my mentor and could rely on her expertise to ensure that I provided safe practice for Emma. However, I still felt anxious as I was faced with an inglorious situation. This made me realise how difficult and intimidating the assessment process may have felt to Emma. I had the security of feeling safe in the relationship with my mentor. Emma didnt know either of us. This highlighted the huge value of the nurse-patient relationship and how the importance of utilising Rogers (1961) theory of client-centred care involving uncondit ional positive regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy towards patients.My mentor said that I provided turn up based care and I appeared to have a good humanistic approach, sensitively providing client centred care. She joked that I was so keen to get it right that I was practically sat on Emmas knee in my efforts to non-verbally show to Emma that I was attentive and listening to her. I think that whilst this was a joke, I will endeavour to continue to be keen but will relax a bit more, hopefully as I gain more experience myself. I will also use the insight and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practise and the care I provide for patients.Boyd Fales (1983) suggest, Reflective learning is the process of internally examining an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective. Self-reflection helps the practician find practice-based answers to problems tha t require more than the application of theory (Schon 1983). I have discovered this to be true, especially in mental health nursing where problem solving may be in the realm of religious, spiritual or cultural beliefs, emotional or intuitive feelings, ethics and moral ideals, which sometimes cannot be theorised.With one patient I couldnt understand his unwillingness to engage in therapy even though he turned up for a weekly appointment. Once I reflected on this with my mentor I realised that I was not considering his strict religious and cultural background, which complicated his care. I realised that I had been completely ignorant of his needs and had in-fact lacked self-awareness otherwise I would have recognised these issues sooner. According to Kemmis (1995) a benefit of self-reflection is that it helps practitioners become aware of their unawareness.I have learnt that there are barriers to reflection. On occasions after seeing a patient my mentor may interpret events in a reaso nably different way to myself. Newell (1992) and Jones (1995) criticize the idea of reflection arguing that it is a flawed process due to inaccurate recall memory and hindsight bias. Another criticism of refection is that it aims to theorise actions in hindsight therefore devaluing the skill of responding intuitively to a patient ( well-situatedardson 1995). I considered that my thought to hold Neils hand may have been intuitive but because we must use evidence based practice and appropriate frameworks of care, I theorised my care and utilised Herons (1975) framework.I believe self-reflection helps me to become self-aware. Self-awareness is achieved when the student acknowledges there own personal characteristics, including values, attitudes, prejudices, beliefs, assumptions, feelings, counter-transferences, personal motives and needs, competencies, skills and limitations. When they become aware of these things and the impact they have on the therapeutic communication and relationsh ip with the patient past they become self-aware ( puddle 1999). I have learnt through these experiences that reflection can be a awed experience as I have recognised my own imperfections and bias. I have felt angry with general nursing staffs attitudes towards mental health patients and have now been able to realise that this emotion is uncooperative and instead I should be more tolerant and understanding and help them to understand the patients needs. It is also difficult especially if one is experiencing strong emotions such as anger, frustration and grief (Rich 1995).At times I have over-identified with my patients and personalised their situation to similar situations of my own. This is known as counter-transference and has blinded my ability to address their care needs. Counter-transference is the healthcare professionals emotional reaction to the patient, it is constantly present in every interaction and it strongly influences the therapeutic relationship, but is often not reflected upon (Slipp 2000). Counter-transference can be defined as negative as it can create disruptive feelings in the clinician, causing misguided values and bias (Pearson 2001).I have learnt that it is all-important(a) for me to consider how my reactions to a patients problem can impact on the care I provide. Whilst I endeavour to always give 100% best and unbiased care to each patient, I have realised I respond more favourably to patients that I like or identify with. For example I was extremely compassionate and biased towards both Emma and Neil and I feel that my personal life experiences influenced me because I could really empathise with them both. However, I realised that I am only human and that as long as I recognise the impact of counter-transference then I can use it positively as my self awareness of the fact that the process is occurring will enable me to address and challenge my own thoughts, feelings and responses.To conclude, I have been able to highlight my lear ning over the last two and a half years, both personally and professionally. This has enabled me to look at the areas that I am good at and the areas that I can improve on. I have been able to look at the quality of the care I have given patients and considered what I have achieved, how I felt, how I could have done things better, what was successful and unsuccessful, what issues influenced me and what understanding I had of the experience. I have also been able to recognise my role as a representative for mental health nursing and how I can promote it to other healthcare professionals. I have also identified the value of the role of my mentor in helping me to develop as a nurse. I will use the insight and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practice and the care I provide for patients.ACTION PLANWord Count 1086What are my goals?My mentor and I discussed the areas that I want to improve on. We identified that my stronger points are common sense, logical approac h and practical ability in terms of things like risk assessing and problem solving. I am also competent in the building of a therapeutic relationship, utilising a humanistic care philosophy, person centre approach, empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard and honest. I also have a good knowledge in respect of mental health promotion, anxiety management, basic counselling skills, understanding of the fundamentals associated with nursing, assessment and communication models and the basic principles of psychotherapy. I feel I have come a long way in two and a half years and have accomplished a lot.However, there are areas that I recognise that I can improve on and I am happy that I can address these as I hope this will improve my learning, skills and competency as a nurse in the future, providing better patient care. The areas I need to gain more knowledge and experience of include understanding the religious, cultural and spiritual needs of the patient and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, recognising and working with counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients as this does not help the patient to utilise choice, be responsible for themselves or empower themselves. I want to continue developing my own self awareness through self reflection. at long last I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more knowledge.Why have I chosen these issues?I have chosen to improve my knowledge and understanding of patients religious, cultural and spiritual needs and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, because by doing this I hope to be able to address their needs holistically. To successfully undertake a thorough assessment the healthcare practitioner needs to identify the holistic needs of the patient, failure to do so would neglect the patients physical, psycho-social and spiritual needs (Stuart and Sundeen 1997.) At present I feel I am unable to fully comprehend or provide best care as I feel I lack the skills and knowledge to do so.I also wish to further consider the impact of counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients. I feel that if I gain more understanding and recognition of how counter-transference can change my reaction to a patient then I will be able to address it and have more control and choice over my nursing and my responses. In practice, I have experienced strong emotional reactions to some patients, perhaps because I could identify with some of their issues. However, this can result in my wanting to over protect them, which may disempower them, and this is unhelpful. Different characteristic in patients can influence the emotional reaction of the nurse (Holmquist 1998). I need to be able to recognise these characteristics in the patient and be self aware of the way I am responding.I want to continue developing my own self-awareness through self-reflection, as I will need to be able to suff ice autonomous and expert judgement as a qualified nurse. The ability to use self-reflection as a learning tool to becoming self-aware will help me achieve this. This is a view supported by (Wong 1995). Boud, Keogh Walker (1995) believe self reflection is an important human activity, essential for personal development as well as for the professional development of the nurse. By being able to mull over my experiences will help me challenge my beliefs and behaviour as an individual and a nurse. Finally I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more nursing knowledge. bonk alone is not the key to learning (Boud et al 1985). I wish to gain further qualifications so that I may further my career and knowledge, as this will provide a sense of achievement and fulfilment for me.How am I going to achieve my goals?I intend to develop my portfolio and keep an open reflective diary (Richardson 1995) to show evidence of my learning and prepare for my PREPP. Por tfolios are seen as a order of battle of information and evidence used to summarize what has been learnt from prior experience and opportunities (Knapp 1975), and acknowledges professional and personal development, knowledge and competence, providing nurses with evidence of their eligibility for re-registration every three years (NMC 2002). I believe maintaining my portfolio helps with ones self-assessment and will help me to develop my strengths, plus identify and critically evaluate my weaker areas, this is a view supported by Garside (1990).However in contrast Miller Daloz (1989) suggest there is no evidence to suggest that self assessment contributes to resurrect self awareness. A barrier to ones ability to self-reflect may be time constraints and socio-economic factors such as high staff and management turnover, low staff morale and staff illness (Bailey 1995) I hope to overcome this by being a supportive team member to my colleagues and maintaining a positive mental attitud e. I am happy to work on my portfolio and diary in my own time as I think it is a valuable learning tool.I will use my preceptorship, learning in practice, observation in practice and clinical supervision to help achieve my goals. expression on action is considered to be an essential part of clinical supervision (Scanlon Weir 1997). I will continue to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model to help me develop my learning through reflection.I will need to feel confident that by sharing my portfolio, diary, reflection or seeking advice via preceptorship and supervision that this will not reflect negatively on me and effect my ability to feel able to trust my mentor. Students and staff sometimes feel unable to fully express themselves or belittled by the power relationship if supervision is not in a trusting relationship feeling it could be open to bias, personality clashes, counter-transference or could prejudice them in terms of career development (Richardson 1995 Jones 2001). However, good clinical supervision enables nurses to feel better supported, contributing to safer and more effective nursing (Teasdale 2001, Jones A 2001).I hope to continue with life long learning and would like to be able to study for a degree in nursing. 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