Abortion: Murder or Necessity

Abortion: Murder or Necessity Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before it is viable. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced. Abortion, when induced in accordance with the local law, is among the safest procedures in medicine. However, unsafe abortions (those performed by persons without proper training or outside of a medical environment) result in approximately 70 thousand deaths and 5 million disabilities per year globally each year, with 20 million of those performed unsafely.Life begins at conception which forms an unborn child (or â€Å"fetus†). Abortion is an intentional violent act that kills an unborn baby, without any anesthesia, the baby is dismembered, torn apart, and vacuumed out of the mother. Dr. Micheline M. Mathews-Roth, Harvard Medical School, referenced medical textbooks that claimed that human life begins at conception. Dr. Jerome Lejeune, the â€Å"Father of Modern Genetics,† stated, â€Å"To accept the fact that after fertilization has taken place, a new human has come into being is no longer a matter of taste or opinion †¦ t is plain experimental evidence. † During pregnancy, even though you feel nothing, your baby is kicking; clenching his fists, curling and fanning his toes, and is generally very active and comfortable inside you. In the past few years, medical research has shown that unborn babies can feel pain. Dr. H. M. Liley, the leading authority on the study of babies before birth, stated, â€Å"When doctors first began invading the sanctuary of the womb, they did not know that the unborn baby would react to pain in the same fashion as a child would. But they soon learned that he would. One believes that every fertilized egg is a sentient human person; abortion would be horrific, tragic, and lethal. But it would be no more murderous than any othe r kind of accidental death. During abortion, doctors or abortionist (the person who performs the operation), uses long cylindrical rods. Starting from the smallest and moving up in size, he inserts them into your cervical opening, stretching it as he progresses. When the cervix is open wide enough, he will put a hollow plastic tube, with a knife-like edge on its tip, through your cervix up into your uterus.The suction it creates is 29 times more powerful than a vacuum cleaner. It tears the baby’s body into pieces, and sucks it through the tube into a canister. The knife edge is used to cut the deeply rooted placenta from the uterine wall. The remains of the now-dead infant are then pulled out. Abortion is a tragedy not only for the unborn who will never experience life but for the mother also. What motivates an abortionist? What must they think as they slash and tear a baby apart or plunge a knife into its neck? Somehow, abortionists have become callused to the reality of the ir actions.Like Shakespeare’s Macbeth, they have blood on their hands, and it cannot be washed off. Many people have become apathetic about abortion. Since they have already been born, abortion is no threat to them personally. Why should they care about someone else’s baby? If there is any lesson to be learnt, it is that we should value and protect innocent human life even if it is not our own. Abortion is an intentional violent act that kills an unborn baby, without any anesthesia, the baby is dismembered, torn apart, and vacuumed out of the mother.Life begins at conception which forms an unborn child (or â€Å"fetus†). The unborn child's DNA is that of an individual human being, distinct from its mother despite being naturally ‘within' and attached through an umbilical. Abortion, as defined above, is the mother's (and/or join parents') decision to terminate the life of the unborn child. Any human being willfully taking the life of another human being (or ordering their death, such as â€Å"hiring a hit man† — or in the case of abortion — telling a doctor to perform an abortion) is committing a murder.Rarely do people die from giving birth. Many more die as a result of complications after an abortion. But the bottom line is that the child is innocent of any crime, so why punish it? It is a human being of intrinsic value. One’s not saying it is an easy choice and can certainly sympathize with those who have had to make it. Perhaps they even made the wrong choice. But, God is a loving and forgiving God, who can even forgive murder; which

Sammy will definitely feel this event all his life

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P&G Pampers Diapers Market Analysis Essay

Introduction The product I chose is Pampers brand diapers, the largest brand of Procter & Gamble Company. It is an American global and diverse company that provides consumer packaged goods in the areas of beauty and grooming, health and well-being, and household care. According to Rehtmeyer (2010), P & G’s products are sold in more than 180 countries and its goal is to provide products of superior quality and value to improve the lives of world’s customers (p. 5). P & G is in a highly competitive market environment, with global, regional, and local competitors. The company is facing a high threat of competition because consumers have many different options of products from other competitive companies based on the price and brand strength. Therefore, to develop the company’s competitive advantages, P & G is focusing on the innovation of both products and operations with technological advances, and depending on effective sales, advertising, and marketing programs (Rehtmeyer, 20 10, p. 12). In addition, P & G states five strategies to achieve the success of business, products, operations, social responsibility, employees and stakeholders (â€Å"Sustainanility†, 2010, p. 5). The company delights consumers with sustainable innovations of products, improves the environmental operations, develops social responsibility programs, encourages employees to be engaged, and make stakeholders be responsible of shaping the company’s future. Pampers, the largest brand of diapers, which is famous around the world. Consumers are happy and satisfied as they use Pampers diapers, which can keep their kids dry, clean, safe and comfortable during their playing and sleeping time so that parents could be reassured about their children. The company is no longer focusing purely on babies but has expanded into targeting both pregnant women and toddlers (Mortimer, 2005, p.20). Pampers is targeting on pregnant women, infants and babies, and toddlers and preschoolers. For those pregnant women who are about to have babies, they prepare for the stuff of babies and they are interested in choosing high quality and safe diapers with small size; Parents who have already had babies , they are interested in softest, driest, and most sensitive diapers for their infants; Parents of toddlers and preschoolers, they are interested in larger sized comfortable  diapers and also training pants so that they could teach their kids toilet skills. To satisfy customers’ interest and needs, Pampers produce softest, driest, sensitive and most comfortable diapers with different sizes so that parents could select what they want based on the stages their kids in. Pampers also provides training pants for some of toddlers and all of preschoolers in order to assist those children who are in the process of toilet training. Thus, parents are able to select the products that fit their kids based on the absorbency, comfort and soft level. On the other hand, the company is committed to producing â€Å"green† products and invented life-cycle disposable and reusable diapers in order to deal with customers’ concerns, which clearly shows the socially responsible behavior of the company. As Mortimer (2005) illustrated that Pampers tried to develop on the p roducts innovation to address consumers’ environmental concerns (p. 23). Environmental Scan Social There is the increasing birth rate of women between age 25 and 34 in North America. According to Statistics Canada (2009), the most common group for women having children among the age between 25 and 34. Furthermore, there is highest fertility and birth rate of group age 25-29 and 30-34 in the U.S (â€Å"Child Trends Data Bank†, 2013). On the other hand, parents are becoming more conscious of environmental impact, and they are willing to be socially responsible role models for their children and community. Pampers offers people the ability to pursue a greener future. Economic Customers prefer cheaper products because of their old shopping habits and the competition from other companies provide the same products. However, consumers are willing to spend more on quality products. They are looking forward of new products which can satisfy their needs. With the economy improving, consumers have more stable and disposable income of trying innovative products. As Statistic Canada (2009) stated that women are having children later in Canada. For those women who are between 25-34 and have children later, they have more stable jobs and disposable incomes so that they are willing to spend money on good quality products to ensure their babies’ health. Pampers is economically priced and delivers high quality  products. Technological Pampers uses the technology of life-cycle analysis and develop environment-friendly diapers (â€Å"World Resources Institute†, 1994, p. 2). As people are more aware of eco-friendly practices, so the innovation technology of â€Å"greener products† should be advanced constantly. Also, Pampers innovation designed â€Å"Premium Care with Day Max technology† which is driest and thinnest diapers, and provides up to 12 hours dryness with ultimate comfort and protection (â€Å"Gokbulut, n.d., p.1). The company is concentrating on babies’ skin care, so Pampers invented this technology to protect each baby’s precious skin against wetness and make parents reassured about their babies’ skin. Additionally, the company advances their Internet system so that to make consumers convenient purchase online, and Pampers website also provides training education videos of their products. E-marketing is available for Pampers as well. The company cooperates with Epsilon International Company and use email survey with new research methodology as a marketing and communication channel to reach a wider audience and know customers’ needs and preferences. The survey email is created in multiple languages so that gives Pampers the widest possible reach, and instant access to their customer base (P&G Delivers, 2008, p.2). Competitive One of Pampers’ competitors is Huggies. Pampers has 35 % global market share and Huggies has 22 % global market share in 2012 and these two brands are available in over 50 countries around the world (Huggies vs. Pampers, n.d.). They have the same target audiences, pregnant women, infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Both of these two brands are in an average price (Huggies vs. Pampers, n.d.). From the perspective of quality, Huggies diapers have a more artificial and plastic-like feel to the outside, but Pampers diapers have a softer and more fabric-like feel to the outside (Huggies vs. Pampers, n.d.). Huggies is less aware of environmental consciousness. According to Bartenstein (2010), Huggies green washed to promise their products are environmental friendly and good for children, however, one of the product line, called â€Å"Pure and Natural† are made of a large number of artificial materials so that adding a considerable amount of  waste to America‘s landfills (p. 16). With the increasing number of people who are more conscious about eco-friendly, people prefer to choose greener products. Relevant Trends First, more people are concerning about environmental issues today, so eco-friendly diapers will attract more parents. Second, there would be a competitive trend. Huggies is improving their R&D system to create advanced technology on diapers. There is an application developed by Kimberly-Clark Corp. that alerts parents when their babies wet the diapers (Technavio, 2014). Parents would be happy with this application because they could easily know when their babies need new diapers so that they are able to change the diapers in time. Thus, it will propel the growth of the market during the forecast period. Third, women are having more children, but later in life. The average of women giving birth jumped from 27 (in 1996) to 29 (2009), and the first time of fertility rate of Canadian women aged 30-34 surpassed that of women aged 25-29 (Statistics Canada, 2009). Fourth, the economy is advancing. There would be more family have more stable jobs and disposable incomes to support their children. Last, there is a trend of increasing immigrants in Canada. As Ferrer (2013) pointed out that there is a trend of fertility of immigrants to Canada (p. 4). As a result, the market of diapers is growing. Consumer Scan First, the most significant factor that influences customers behavior is quality of products. Every parent wants their babies to use safe and healthy products. Making high quality products sustainability will help Pampers win more support of customers and keep customer loyalty. Second, moms tend to buy household things and they are more engaged of buying products in digital and social media. They could get recommended products from their friends or strangers, like word of mouth through social media channels. Moms tend to shop online and see comments of products from other moms through social media, such as facebook and twitter (Hanna, 2013). Online shopping is more flexible and convenient for moms because they do not have extra time for shopping because of the busy work or taking care of their babies. Third, there are 3 things influences moms of purchasing, the online coupons, communication community, and smartphones (Hanna, 2013). They  like coupons as a reward way of buying products, they want a public communication place to talk with other experienced moms, and they also want smartphones to get coupons, find nearby local deals and scan bar code of products. Those are the factors that influence customers. Conclusion and Recommendations Pampers has successful achieved on its business because it knows what their audiences concern about and evaluate on. Pampers is socially responsible of providing the constant innovation environment-friendly products with technology improvement. However, Pampers should put more investments on developing their R&D system of innovations so that to help babies communicate better with their moms, like diapers tracking application. Also, more moms like using social media to purchase on products and discuss the quality of products with others. Thereby, it is an effective advertising way for Pampers to build public community to let customers have access of talking with others in order to know more about the products. Furthermore, there is a trend that women are having children later, so Pampers should focus on advertising products with a wider range of age of women giving birth and the most important thing is to know the needs of consumers in different age groups. References Bartenstein, K. (2010, November 5). Going green: who’s committed and who’s faking their commitment? Western Connecticut State University. Retrieved from http://library.wcsu.edu/dspace/bitstream/0/532/1/Kim+Thesis+PDF.pdf Child Trends Data Bank. (2013, December). Fertility and birth rates. Child Trends Data Bank. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=fertility-and-birth-rates Epsilon International. (2008). Procter & Gamble delivers Pampers email survey with Epsilon International. Ferrer, A. (2013). The fertility of recent immigrants to Canada. Institute for the Study of Labor. IZA DP NO. 7289.Gokbulut, Y. (n.d.). Latest innovation. Retrieved from https://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/innovation/factsheet_FINAL_Pampers_CEEMEA.pdf Hanna, B. (2013). CPG marketing trends: Pampers engaging moms via digital and social media [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.cpgtrends.com/2011/07/pampers-engaging-moms-via-digital-and-social-media/ Huggies vs. Pampers (n.d.). In Diffen. Retrieved from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Huggies_vs_Pampers Mortimer, R. (2005). Absorbing market share. Brand Strategy, (192), 20.Pampers, (2014). Baby care, development, and activities. Pampers. Retrieved from http://www.pampers.ca/home. P & G, Canada. (2010). Sustainability. P&G. Retrieved from http://www.pg.com/en_CA/downloads/PG_canada_sus_summary2010_2011.pdf Rehtmeyer, J. (2010). The Procter & Gamble Company. Educational Investment Fund.Statistics Canada. (2009, January 5). Women having children later. Statistic Canada. Retrieved from http://www41.statcan.gc.ca/2008/20000/ceb20000_000-eng.htm Technavio. (2014, March 5). Pampers or Huggies: Innovations in diaper technology creates fierce competition [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.technavio.com/blog/pampers-or-huggies-innovations-in-diaper-technology-creates-fierce-competition World Source s Institute. (1994). The Procter & Gamble Company: A Life-cycle analysis.

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The history of witch hunting - Essay Example Position of women and transition to capitalism Federici points out the issue of witch hunting as a continuous and relevant discourse from the middle ages to the contemporary times. She argues that witch hunting, one of the basest ways of subjugating women, has its roots in the history of capitalism. Prior to the advent of capitalistic concepts, the position and function of women in society were never discriminated from that of men. Federici accounts for the lifestyle of women where they were attributed with work within the house as well as outside. But as capitalism with the concerted effort of the state and the church sought its way into power, it tended to manipulate, undermine and distort established constructs of reality to meet its ends of ‘primitive accumulation’. According to Federici: â€Å"capitalism was the counter-revolution that destroyed the possibilities that had emerged from the anti-feudal struggle—possibilities which, if realized, might have spar ed us immense destruction of lives and the natural environment that has marked the advance of capitalist relations worldwide†. Relation between primitive accumulation and oppression on women The basis of capitalism is considered to be primitive accumulation which means accumulating land and labor. ... ation of differences and divisions within the working class, whereby hierarchies built upon gender, as well as â€Å"race† and age became constitutive of class rule and the formation of the modern proletariat. (Federici, 63-64) Federici points out that one of the main objectives of capitalism was to break the solidarity between the genders that gives a community its strength and nurtures healthy social life. Devaluing women was made into a discourse and misogynistic attitude was provoked to create mutual distrust and antagonism between genders. Federici argues that the logic behind legalizing prostitution on one hand and decriminalizing rape on the other was purely a capitalistic tactic of deliberately underrating women. From this perspective it could be said that capitalism was formed on the motto of dividing and rule policy and it did not spare human relationships. Repressing women power by dehumanizing women: platform for witch hunt The act of witch hunting, which is nothin g but persecuting women on some utterly vague assumptions, points to the desperation of the need to repress women power. The propagators of capitalism particularly targeted to control women’s power of reproduction to have access to manpower resource. It shows that the role of women was dehumanized to that of labor producing machine. The body-as-machine was made the discourse of the early capitalist era that also explains the medieval ideology of the body-mind dichotomy upheld by the church. Accordingly, any kind of unproductive physical indulgence was tabooed as corporeal sin and women were made its worst victim. Women were banished from outdoor activities of community life, stigmatized in any attempt to do so and robbed of privacy. Federici, by giving a detail account of how women were not

John Mill and Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

John Mill and Immanuel Kant Essay The following is a conceptual paper that I have written to address the following questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is enlightenment for Kant? What is the public use of reason? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Mill, how do people develop understandings of the world? Do most people have sound understandings? Question 1 Kant observed that: â€Å"If it is now asked: Do we presently live in an enlightened age? the answer is, No, but we do live in an age of enlightenment. (Kant, p.4) So, Kant characterized the state of society and separate individuals as imperfect, and pointed, that Enlightenment is a long-lasting process. Kant explained Enlightenment as â€Å"mans emergence from his self-imposed immaturity† (Kant, p.1). Such immaturity for him meant inability to use own reason and to â€Å"think with own head†. The basic characteristic of immaturity is that it is caused not by lack of understanding or ability, but by lack of will and desire to think. Under Kant’s teaching, most of the individuals would rather prefer to rely on other’s understanding, than on their own. So, they gladly follow orders of teacher’s, priests and government authorities (Kant, p. 2).   So, Kant believed, that the purpose of Enlightenment was to tech people think for themselves. Kant separated that, what he called â€Å"private use of reason† from that what he called â€Å"public use of reason†.   Generally, public use of reason is defined as ability to think and argue reasonably before authorities. The situation of public use of reason may be potentially unpleasant or even dangerous for an individual, however, an enlightened person should not be afraid to think rationally and reject unfounded claims of, for example, taxman or pastor. Those latter in turn are to apply private reason – ability to think rationally, attributable to persons, filling public positions (Kant, p.3). Under Kant, in case most of the individuals in a particular society are able to apply both public and private reason, such society may be considered as enlightened. Question 2 According to Mill, only one person out of hundred is able to judge a fact, in case it is not obvious, and even this one, who is able to judge, possesses only comparative abilities for the matter (Mill, p.2). Existing opinions of those, who are relatively able to think, are influenced by historic development of people’s understanding. Mill notes the following contradiction: humans aim to think rationally, but the rationality of their affairs and conduct remains in desperate conditions. Therefore, human acts and opinions need to be corrected, taking into account experience, and being proved by discussion. Experience alone may appear to be vague, due to false application in previous cases. Therefore, discussion becomes a tool for investigation of experience and reduction of probability of misuse (Mill, p.3). Another function of discussion is providing broader approach to a particular problem. Under Mill, even the wisest person can never obtain complete understanding of the subject, without hearing opinions of the others, and examining a variety of ideas about the matter. A feature of a wise man is an ability and readiness to take even contradictory points of view into account, in spite of avoiding them (Mill, p.5). Mill believed, that his society restricted necessary discussion, because people were not really sure about their beliefs and fearful to loose them, because loosing them means a necessity to change. And in order to avoid changes, society oppresses opinions by authority,   by refusal to hear, or by condemnation. The way out for Mill was mental well-being and education of humanity, combined with freedom of expressing opinions. An opinion should not only be proposed, but suffered by an individual, and this makes a particular opinion his own (Mill, p. 6).

Prayers in Schools Essay Example for Free

Prayers in Schools Essay My name is Ericka Jaid Laurett heil. I have long brown hair and I have blue eyes and I am 5’6. My interests are drawing, playing Xbox, babysitting, watching family guy, and sleeping. My expectations for myself are to pass high school not failing any classes. I was close to failing my expectation because I failed math. But I took credit recovery and got the credit! I wish to be a pediatrician because I love kids and helping them and making them happy. Activities that I enjoy are volleyball, basketball and I used to play soccer but my knees and ankles are bad. My mom’s name is Janda-lynn laurett heil, my dad’s name is Adam Jack Heil, my older sister’s name is Devon Brooke Heil, and my younger sister’s name is Emily Mable Clara Heil. I am the middle child of the family. My family grew up around Bobbi and Tom pitkanen. I called them auntie and uncle all the time. We used to go camping every year at a little campsite we made on an island down the Dryden highway. I actually thought that we were related but recently I found out they are just a close family friend. Also, my best friend’s grandmother lives beside me and I talk to her about everything! Sometimes I just go there and talk to her, and sometimes she comes by my house and chats for a bit. My best friend’s grandmother knows more about me than my mother. Well I have a very strong relationship with my dad’s mom. My mom’s mom left and turned against my family because of something personal that happened in the past. My grandma heil has always been there for my mom and me and my sisters and my dad and even our family friends! She has great advice and is such a nice woman. A couple years ago she was on the phone with my uncle and she had a brain aneurism and collapsed while she was on the phone. She got shipped to Winnipeg and had surgery Everyone in my family was so upset. She is probably the only grandparent or person in my mom and dad’s side of the family that was actually there for our family and helped us through rough times. She is my bestfriend. My relationship with my sisters is okay at times. I love my sisters but they both bother me. My little sister gets me so mad you don’t even know. I beat her up all the time and when I say beat†¦ I actually mean beat. : P I can kinda tap her with my shoulder and I’m being dead honest she screams and runs to my mom or dad. Its like she’s scared of me or something. My older sister always waits till I leave the house and she steals all my clothes and says there hers. She’s lucky she has a child, I would never beat her up in front of her baby. She is my only sister that I actually trust and can tell stuff to. I was always there for her when she needed help when we were younger, so I trust her with a lot. They are important to me because they are family. If anyone were to hurt them I would honestly beat the person up. I have done that for my little sister already. I don’t like her friends and they know not to do that kind of stuff to my family. My family has helped me with my volleyball sport choice. They have paid for all my volleyball travels and my shirt’s and all that fun stuff. They were the ones that told me about the viper’s volleyball team in grade 8. I tried out and made both cuts so I was on the team! We travelled to Kenora and to a town outside of Winnipeg. I was with a lot of my friends and it was so much fun. We competed in tournaments again kids nowhere near here. I have been told I am great at playing volleyball and that I should try out for the volleyball team. I wanted to but I never had the good grades and the perfect attendance for that. They helped me to become the person I am today. To be strong and stick up for what I believe. That’s why I’m such a smart mouth. I get it from my daddy. Well before I came into high school my family and a close family friend’s family would go to a campsite thing that we made on an island down the Dryden highway. We would stay there and camp for at least a week. Other then that I don’t really know any other things that my family does together. I don’t socialize with my family and if I do it’s Devon or it’s because I want something. I don’t really ever leave my bedroom unless I have to go to the washroom, I’m hungry, I have to do the dishes, I’m babysitting, or I leave the house. Well in my future family I’m going to continue to go camping every year and I don’t really know what else to do. I kind of keep to myself in my house so I don’t really know what my family does that I could continue in my future family. That is all I have to say about my family and my life really. I love my family and my friends and I don’t know what I would do without them.

Electrical Bone Growth Stimulator Devices

Electrical Bone Growth Stimulator Devices Nonunion and delayed fractures are prevalent in the United States, accounting for a significant health care cost (Simon Simon, 2008). Bone is able to remodel and adapt to applied loads and electromechanical stimuli (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2009). One method of repairing these types of fractures is with an electric bone growth stimulator, which has been used for over 25 years. There are three types of electric bone growth stimulators, all of which provide an electric current to the bone that causes the bone cells to grow and proliferate. Treatment with bone growth stimulators shortens the recovery time, however cannot be used for large gaps in the bone (Simon Simon, 2008). Clinical Significance Every year in the United States 7.9 million fractures occur (Goldstein, Sprague, Petrisor, 2010). Approximately 600,000 fractures do not heal properly. Fractures that do not heal properly are usually delayed or nonunion fractures. These fractures require treatment or surgical intervention to heal properly and cost the United States $3 to 6 billion health care dollars each year (Simon Simon, 2008). A delayed union is a fracture that heals very slowly and does not heal within a normal amount of time. Although many factors affect how long it takes for a bone to heal such as which bone is broken and the severity of the fracture, the typical healing time is about three to four months. A delayed union can be caused by several factors including, poor blood supply, not casting the bone properly, and infection (Parker, 2010). Sometimes delayed union fractures can heal on their own without intervention or treatment. A nonunion is a fracture that does not heal within twice the expected healing time, generally six to nine months after the injury. Fibrocartilage also forms between the two pieces of broken bone (Mora, Pedrotti, Galli, 2006). Figure 1 shows a nonunion fracture of the tibia, the fracture is circled in red and you can see some of the fibrocartilage that formed between the two pieces of bone. Several factors that can cause nonunion are poor blood supply, not casting the bone p roperly, infection, and loss of bone or soft tissue (Parker, 2010). A nonunion fracture will not heal on its own and requires some form of intervention. Some of the options for treating nonunion are internal and external fixation devices, bone grafts, bone substitutes, biologics like platelet extracts and bone morphogenic proteins, and biophysical stimulation including ultrasound and electrical stimulation (Simon Simon, 2008). Since the repair of delayed and nonunion fractures requires intervention and treatment, the clinical problem is how to provide an intervention that allows the patient to recover from the injury in the shortest possible amount of time with the fewest complications and the least cost (Simon Simon, 2008). The ideal treatment is to repair the fracture without surgery and hospitalization (Goldstein, Sprague, Petrisor, 2010). Therefore, electrical bone growth stimulators are frequently used to treat delayed and nonunion fractures. Research has shown that electrical stimulation is a prevalent treatment that is utilized to speed up the process of healing in delayed and nonunion fractures. In the United States, electrical bone growth stimulators have treated approximately 400,000 delayed and nonunion fractures (Goldstein, Sprague, Petrisor, 2010). Electrical bone growth stimulators, shown in Figure 2, are therapeutic devices that are used to produce and apply electric fields to bone, similar to the electric fields that occur naturally inside the body but as a result of the injury are either not being produced fast enough or are not being produced at all (Goldstein, Sprague, Petrisor, 2010). Electrical bone growth stimulators have been shown to be 88% effective for treating delayed and nonunion fractures (Nolte, van der Krans, Patka, Janssen, Ryaby, Albers, 2001). The typical treatment time with an electrical bone growth stimulator is between three and six months (Simon Simon, 2008). Biology and Physiology Humans have 206 bones in their body (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2009). Bone can adapt and remodel as a result of an applied force, an injury or a stimulus. Bone is made up of three types of cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone formation and remodeling. Osteoblasts are cells that form bone (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2009). Osteocytes are formed from osteoblasts and are responsible for maintaining bone, whereas, osteoclasts are cells that absorb bone. These cells play an important role in fracture healing (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2009). The process of healing a fracture, shown in Figure 3, has four major steps. The first step occurs within hours following the injury and lasts for about a week. During this step, the injury causes increased blood flow and bleeding, causing a hematoma to form. This results in inflammation and swelling (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2009). The next step begins when fibroblasts reach the injury site then release collagen fibers and form a soft fibrocartilaginous callus between and around the two pieces of bone. The third step begins around week 4, when osteoblasts enter the callus, multiply and begin to form bone. This forms a harder bony callus that eventually turns into bone. The final stage is remodeling which starts around week 17 and continues until the bone is completely healed. During the remodeling stage, the callus is completely turned into bone by the osteoblasts, and the osteoclasts absorb the extra bone that was produced and not needed (Chiras, 2008). Market Trends The market for electrical bone growth stimulators has grown to over $500 million dollars in the last 25 years, and by 2012 the market is expected to rise to $690.1 million (Schenberger, 2007). The consumers of electrical bone growth stimulators are hospitals, orthopedic surgeons and patients with a delayed or nonunion bone fracture. Electrical bone growth stimulators have been used to treat 400,000 fractures (Simon Simon, 2008). These devices can be both invasive and noninvasive. The typical cost for a noninvasive electrical bone growth stimulator is between $3000 and $7000 and can increase to $20,000 for an invasive stimulator that requires two surgeries (Morone Feuer, 2003). Insurance will cover the cost of the device as long as the patient meets certain criteria, for example the gap between the bones must be less than 1 centimeter (CIGNA , 2010). This cost is much less than the approximately $27,000 cost for surgery and hospitalization after a procedure such as internal fixation (Hughes Anglen, 2010). Seven companies have received FDA approval (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2010) and the five companies that have electric bone growth stimulators on the market are Orthofix, Biomet, DJ Orthopedics (acquired the company Orthologic), Smith and Nephew and DePuy Spine (medcompare, 2010). The only company that has received FDA approval (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2010) and that has invasive electric bone growth stimulators on the market is Biomet (medcompare, 2010). Some of the noninvasive stimulators are shown in Figure 4 and two of the invasive stimulators from Biomet are shown in Figure 5. Bioelectric Principles Bone that goes through effective growth or repair holds an electronegative potential compared to that of resting bone (Glazer Glazer, 2001). In bone where a break or fracture has occurred with nonunion or delayed union, it has been found helpful to introduce electric stimuli to the area undergoing complications. The introduction of an electrical current allows the process of bone regeneration to reinitiate. The electrically charged particles within the current act as the missing catalyst for the necessary chemical reactions to stimulate the desired biological response of bone repair at the site of nonunion. Pulsed electrical stimulation can cause changes in the intracellular level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and thus triggers DNA synthesis within cells (Somjen, Fischler, Binderman, 1984). The electrical current excites the Na+/K+ pump of mesenchymal osteoblasts, which causes them to differentiate into osteoblasts that produce a woven matrix of bone (Shapiro, 2008).The electronegative current (DNA synthesis) applied at the surface of the fracture site or at the surface of the skin initiates endochondral bone formation the synthesis of cartilage, closely followed by bone formation (Shapiro, 2008). Bone naturally generates an electrical field because of Wolffs Law and piezoelectric properties, which is what the electric bone growth stimulators are also based off of. Wolffs law states that bone changes its external shape and internal (cancellous) architecture in response to stresses acting on it (Hunt, 2008). Piezoelectricity (Figure 6) is the stress-generated potentials in bone in which the side of the bone under mechanical compression [becomes] electronegative and the side under tension [becomes] electropositive (Kim, Won-Ki, Sung Jac, 1984). The mineral matrix in bone is piezoelectric because of the applied force to the skeletal system from tension (resting bone), and it changes its charge when the bone is under mechanical compression (bone repair/hematoma). The electric field produces electric potentials that cause the bone cells to grow and proliferate (Kim, Won-Ki, Sung Jac, 1984). Electrical stimulation creates an increased regulation of osteoinductive growth factors as well as enhancing osteoblastic activity, and decreasing osteoclastic activity through electrochemical reactions. This all leads to the desired reactions of increased bone formation and repair. The electrical stimulation increases the transmembrane calcium translocation, which activates calmodulin, a calcium binding protein involved in inflammation (Hematoma). Electric stimuli also brings about the upregulation of BMP-2, BMP-6, BMP-7, and the BMP receptor ALK-2, which are all bone morphogenic proteins needed to promote bone regeneration (Gan, Fredericks, Glazer, 2004). At the cathode of the Electric Bone Growth Stimulator, when the electric impulse is applied, three things happen: 1) the local oxygen concentration decreases, causing an increase in the biological process of bone growth, 2) the pH level increases, resulting in a decrease of osteoclastic function, and 3) the release of hydrogen pe roxide causing macrophages to release VEGF, which stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the area of injury. These growth factors enter the tissue matrix and trigger proliferation and differentiation which causes bone to form, thus increasing the healing rate of delayed union or nonunion (Gan, Fredericks, Glazer, 2004). History Device History The history of Bone Electric Growth Stimulators dates back to the late 1780s when the biologist, Luigi Galvani used electricity on a biological system. Galvani discovered that a frog could generate muscle spasms throughout its body when an electrical charge was applied to its spinal cord. Alessandro Volta, a colleague of Galvanis, was able to reproduce these (SilcoTek, 2010). The first documentation of electrical stimulation being used to heal fractures was in 1841 by Dr. Hartshorne, when he reported that a patient with a tibial nonunion was treated with electricity. In 1850, the scientist R. W. Lente was the first to report successful use of Galvanic currents used to treat patients with nonunion. In 1892, the German scientist Wolff was the first to describe how bone formed in response to stress; this description became known as Wolffs Law (Glazer Glazer, 2001). The significant gains of healing with electrical stimulation in the 17 1800s ends with Wolffs phenomenon description of bone formation. The modern theories that the Electric Bone Growth Stimulators are based off of are from the work that Iwao Yasuda and his colleagues found in the 1950s. In 1938 Yasuda started researching electrical stimulation of square wave to organic substance at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (Crenshaw, 1977). In 1953, Yasuda et al discovered that bone in compression was electronegative, and bone in tension was electropositive (Glazer Glazer, 2001). From 1962 to 1964, the scientists Friedenberg and Brighton furthered Yasudas research and discovered that bone that is growing or repairing itself shows and electronegative potential, while bone that is not has an electropositive potential. This discovery has encouraged others to research electrical stimuli in relation bone regeneration (Glazer Glazer, 2001). In 1975, Dr. McElhannon published a report stating the technology used to treat fractures in humans with electrical stimulation is not yet advanced enough to promote bone regeneration, but shows promise in animals (Meadows, 2008). Two years later, Dr. Paterson et al performed an experimental model on delayed union fractures of the tibia in adult dogs. The model showed an accelerated healing time where Osteogenesis was normal, and no other abnormalities were found (Meadows, 2008). In 1978, the FDA approved the use of external bone growth stimulators (Haverbush, 2005). In 1983, Dr. Hanaoka performed a study observing the effects of pulsed micro-electrical currents on internal remodeling in long tubular bone and bone healing (Meadows, 2008). A group of 14 dogs had electrodes inserted into the femora with pulsed micro-electrical currents applied to the right femora for four weeks. The dogs were split into groups and each group had different electrical currents (Hz) applied. The results s howed that bone healing in all cases was promoted (Meadows, 2008). Dr. Ahl et al, in 1984, used a semi invasive technique for bone healing on 23 patients with nonunion. Ten of those had solid bone regeneration, and the other 13 did not fully unite these were later determined to have been breaks that were too far apart (Meadows, 2008). In 1985, Dr. Kondo performed a study on the femur of dogs. The bones in the experimental group observed proliferation of osteoblasts on the third day, which transitioned into bone remodeling and a shortened healing time by the end of the third week (Meadows, 2008). In 1995, Dr. Zamora-Navas et al performed a study on 22 patients with nonunion, with a gap of 0.5 or more, using capacitively-coupled electrical signal for a treatment time of about 26 weeks. In the end, over 70% of the 22 had solid bone union if the gap was 1 cm or smaller (Meadows, 2008). In 1996, the FDA approved the use of Electrical Bone Growth Stimulators, both invasive and noninvasiv e. Patent History On May 31, 1977, Dr. Levys bone generating device was approved. The stimulator produced electrical pulses applied to the bone, as opposed to direct current potential, to make the bone grow faster and stronger (Levy, 1977). The device is invasive, and is made of materials that will not poison or react with the surrounding tissue or bone (Levy, 1977). On November 15, 1983, Hirshorn et al had their patent approved on their implantable bone growth stimulator that uses a direct current output, and constantly transmits pulsed electromagnetic energy to the injury site. The output of energy(rate) is directly proportional to the set current. To make sure that the device is not affected by the pulsing of the transmission, a coil was placed inside the device to deliver a constant current. The device is enclosed in a titanium case, and has a longer shelf life due to an electrical switch that was placed inside the device (Hirshorn, Swift, Evans, 1983). On My 19, 1987, Dr. Campbells patent was approved. His stimulator was circuit adapted, and relied on the tissue (bone) to act as the load to make the circuit work. The storage device controlled the oscillator circuit, which in turn controlled the charge of the current that was issued from the battery and applied directly to the bone at the fracture site (Campbell, 1987). On May 9, 1995, Kronbergs stimulator was approved. This device was a non-invasive device that used low alternating currents applied to the patients skin. This particular device is battery powered and was found to generate the electrical characteristics found in bones naturally that generate normal bone growth (Kronberg, 1995). On June 16, 1998, Dr. Ericksons electric bone stimulator was approved. His stimulator came with a hand-held device which transmitted, and received, signals to the implanted stimulator (Erickson, Tepper, Thacker, Varrichio, Pilla, 1995). On August 2, 2007, Dr. Nyezs invasive stimulator was approved. The device is controlled by an external remote that sends a wireless signal to the stimulator. The current is circuitry controlled. It was made to be coupled with a hip prosthesis to help with healing and proper function, but can be used to stimulate healthy bone growth in areas of injury (Nyez, 2007). Device Theory In 1953, surgeon Iwao Yasuda first demonstrated that callus could be created by applying electric fields to bone (Figure 8). His experiment consisted of wrapping wire around a rabbitt femur and sending a small (1 uA) current to the anode, away from the bone. After three weeks of continuous current, Yasuda observed that a callus-typically generated during fracture repair- was beginning to form in the direction of the current (Liboff, 2006). There are three types of electric bone growth stimulators. They are categorized based on invasiveness and type of current. Table 1 gives a brief description of the different devices. Note that there are only two types listed, invasive and noninvasive (Liboff, 2006). Semi-Invasive Treatment Semi-invasive systems are semi-implantable: partially internal and partially external. The device provides a constant direct current supplied by an external power supply. The electrodes, on the other hand, are percutaneous and pass through the skin (Electrical Bone Growth Stimulators). These systems, however, are not currently in production, and consequently are not refered to by other scholars and have no relevant data (Clinical Policy Bulletin: Bone Growth Stimulators, 2010). Invasive Treatment The invasive treatment option, also known as direct current (DC) stimulation, is fully implanted and utilizes constant direct current. The device requires two surgies: one to implant the device, and one to remove the device. The anode is placed in the soft tissue, and the cathodes are connected to a power supply (typically a lithium battery) [cain] and placed at the fusion site. At the fracture site, the electrodes can be arranged in two ways (Figure 9). They can be placed on each side of the fracture as to bridge the defect; or, the electrode can be placed directly in the defect (Liboff, 2006). The although the current setting depends upon the fracture, it is typically set at 20 uA for up to six months (Lyle E. Cain, 2002). Noninvasive Treatments There are both electric and electromagnetic noninvasive EBGS devices. They are completely external and do not require surgery. Electric Option The electric noninvasive EBGS device works through capacitive coupling (CC). The CC device uses a 60 kHz alternating sinusoidal signal to produce a current. Two electrodes are placed on the skin, one on each side of the fracture (Figure 10) (Gan, Fredericks, Glazer, 2004). The power supply (typically a 9-V battery) is worn on the hip, and operated twenty four hours a day. Treatment generally applies 5-10 mA at the skin, and 15-20 uA at the fracture site. Device maintainence relies on the patient and includes changing the battery daily. Electromagnetic Options Pulsed Magnetic Field The pulsed magnetic field device (PMF or PEMF) follows Faradays law that Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be induced in the coil (Faradays Law). It applies a sawtooth (nonsinusoidal) voltage to two parallel external coils, one above the fusion site, and one below (see figure #). The applied voltage creates a current through the coils that generates a single, magnetic field through the defect. Because the field is constantly changing, an induced voltage is created, which appears as pulses (Liboff, 2006). The coils can be worn on the skin, or over a cast (if applicable) (Lyle E. Cain, 2002). The device includes an external battery pack and may be operated up to ten hours a day (Lyle E. Cain, 2002), but treatment is typically only three hours daily (Liboff, 2006). Ion Cyclotron Resonance The ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) device is similar to the PFM device in that it also uses an external coil system. ICR devices, however, apply a different theory than PMF devices. It was shown in 1985 that the results embodied in the so-called calcium efflux effect were in close agreement with the predictions based on the resonance characteristics of certain biological ions subject to the Lorentz force (Liboff, 2006). The device combines both dc and ac magnetic fields to achieve resonant condition. The theory is that ions in resonance are more likely to stimulate the gating mechanism for ion channel transport, and tuning to these ions can increase growth (Liboff, 2006). The device (Figure 11) also uses an external battery pack, and the unit should only be operated thirty minutes per day (Lyle E. Cain, 2002). Regulatory Standards The FDA recognizes the noninvasive bone growth stimulator and the invasive bone growth stimulator under the Title 21-Food and Drugs, of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (Product Classification, 2010). Both are Class III devices, so they must abide by general controls and receive premarket approval. Class III devices support or sustain human life, that are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or that present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Premarket approval (PMA) is the FDA process of scientific and regulatory review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices. A PMA application must be submitted and reviewed before marketing the products because they are considered high-risk medical devices (Device Classification, 2010). Device Review Advantages Previous treatments for nonunions included rigid fixation, bone grafts, and amputation. The electric bone growth stimulator has several advantages over these more tradition treatments. The treatment is less severe than bone grafting and the hospital stay after the invasive treatment is typically only three to four days, as opposed to ten days of recovery after grafts. Also, the average completion time for a successful union is only four months, compared to six to eight for bone grafts (Anbuselvan, Krishnamurthy, Madhumathi, Manonmani, Aravindan, Babu, 1995). Moreover, the EBGS is less traumatic than amputation and allows for the retention of limbs. In regards to the devices, the invasive option is advantageous because it provides constant uniform current and does not require an active patient role. After surgery, the device is self operated and maintained. Also, the invasive option bypasses tissue resulting in less resistance and better treatment results. The CC device is small, light, and easy to use (Lyle E. Cain, 2002). Disadvantages The main disadvantage of the EBGS is that union may be unsuccessful if the fracture gap is too large, typically over one centimeter. Also, before an EBGS is used, it must be determined that the bone is not healing properly on its own. Lastly, these devices have not yet been proven successful for treatment of nonunions in locations other than long bones or spine (Clinical Policy Bulletin: Bone Growth Stimulators, 2010). In regards to the devices, the invasive option has a higher hospital cost and patient morbidity due to the surgeries necessary for device implantation and removal. The CC device requires patient compliance. The patient must monitor, operate, and maintain the device, which includes changing the battery daily. Also, there may be skin irritation from the electrodes. Also, the PEMF and ICR devices are often larger and heavy than other external devices, which may create difficulties for patients (Clinical Policy Bulletin: Bone Growth Stimulators, 2010). Product Comparison Biomet is the only company that produces invasive electric bone growth stimulators. Their products include the OsteoGen Bone Growth Stimulator, the OsteoGen Dual Lead Bone Growth Stimulator for use with bone graft surgery, and the OsteoGen-M Bone Growth Stimulator, which utilizes a mesh cathode. Biomet also produces the following external, noninvasive EBGS devices: EBI Bone Healing System and the OrthoPak 2 Bone Growth Stimulator. The EBI Bone Healing System is more convenient because the actual device is worn like a sports band or brace that wraps around the limb, where as the OrthoPak 2 is a larger device with dermal electrodes that must be carried along with the battery pack. On the plus side, the OrthoPak 2 allows for easier placement of hard-to-reach fracture sites (Biomet, 2010). DJO sells the CMF OL1000 Bone Growth Stimulator. It follows a similar concept as the EBI Bone Healing System, except this device is not fully closed, giving it the ability of being worn over a cast if necessary (Products, 2009). Literature Review We assigned the designated sections of the report to each team member to research individually. We attended a research session with librarian Christine Drew to better understand WPIs academic databases and resources. Key terms used in our research included the following: electric bone growth stimulator, bone growth stimulator, bone growth devices, fracture healing, delayed union fracture, non union fracture, Faradays Law, Wolffs Law, piezoelectricity, bone repair, bone cells, electric bone growth device regulations, cost of bone growth stimulation, FDA class III devices, premarket approval, bone growth device history, Luigi Galvani, electric bone growth studies, companies that sell electric bone growth stimulators, Biomet, Exogen, modern electric growth theory, and bone growth stimulator patent. We searched several databases and reliable search engines including the following: Google Books, Google Scholar, Gale PowerSearch, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Wiley Interscience.

Communication and Culture Essay -- Philosophy, Taoism

Scholars from the indigenous psychology and philosophy field noted that explanations of the differences between the East and West, such as individualism/collectivism, have relied most exclusively on theoretical constructs generated in Western cultural contexts (Cheng, 1987; Cushman & Kincaid, 1987; Peng, Spencer-Rodgers, & Nian, 2006). Peng and his colleagues argued that indigenous concepts need to be introduced into the mainstream study, and the cultural differences between Western and Eastern people in the domains of thinking and reasoning can be attributed to differences between Western and Eastern folk epistemologies (Peng et al., 2006). Moreover, communication theory can be explored from both Western and Eastern perspectives by bringing in philosophical thoughts (Cushman & Kincaid, 1987). With its rich background and insights into human nature and human understanding, philosophy can make contributions to contemporary communication theory by recognizing the crucial nece ssity of the human context for communication (Cushman & Kincaid, 1987). Cheng (1987) noted that by bringing in philosophical perspective, the way of communication can be understood in a much broader sense. For instance, when comparing the differences between the West and China, scholars pointed out that while Chinese thinking and reasoning are mainly guided by folk version of Taoism and Ch’an Buddhism, Western thinking and reasoning are mostly Aristotelian in spirit (Cheng, 1987; Peng et al., 2006). The theoretical foundation of Taoism belief is the idea that two opposites are mutually dependent on each other (Peng et al., 2006). This mutual dependence can be found between form and substance, between knowledge and action, and between symbol and e... ...ive emphasizes selflessness and submission to central authority as the institutional means for achieving unity and harmony between man, and nature and this is the principle goal for communication. In contrast, the Western perspective emphasizes self-cultivation and the subjugation of human and natural resources to individual control as the central means for achieving individual and group goal attainment. According to the Eastern perspective, an individual's participation in a collective institutional structure motivates human action and human communication, therefore, serves for the need of participation (Cushman & Kincaid, 2006). According the Western perspective, an individual's desire for political, social, and economic self-realization actuates human action and human communication, therefore, serves for the need of self-realization (Cushman & Kincaid, 2006).

Our Town Needs a Youth Center :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Our Town Needs a Youth Center Smallville Elementary was built in 1919 in order to enrich the lives of the youth in Smallville. It served as a school until 1977, when it was closed and changed to a community center. The purpose of the building, however, remained the same: to enrich the lives of Smallville' youth (Ellis 67). Many years ago, my grandmother took painting lessons in the old Smallville building while I had daycare. It was a perfect blend of young and old. Recently, however, the building has not been used as it was intended. It is now used strictly as a senior center, leaving no place for the young to gather. Now, as a result of youths'being shut out of the only public recreation building, the city can no longer attract new families and the young are turning to crime as their only pastime. The best solution to remedy these problems is to build a youth center for the children and teens of Smallville. What would this much needed facility provide for Smallville? The Bigtown Recreation Center is a great model for Smallville, housing several basketball courts, tennis courts, a weight room, and a swimming pool. The programs conducted at the center include athletic clinics in the summer, swimming, basketball, and tennis lessons, and even fitness training and aerobics. These are all activities nearly every citizen can enjoy. So, if Smallville had a similar recreation center it would benefit the young and old alike. However, our recreation center should provide programs specifically for children and teenagers. Aside from just providing athletic and sports recreation for the youth, we should also provide them with tutoring services, a game room and a lounge were they can just "hang out." The programs that would be provided by our youth center would improve our town in many ways. Smallville is failing as a city because it cannot attract new residents. The town is dying because most of its citizens are elderly; they will soon pass away. The population is decreasing as older citizens die or are sent to nursing homes and no new residents replace them. According to the 1990 Census, the population of Smallville has decreased by nearly 3,000 people in the last ten years. Of the 11,194 people that are left, nearly forty percent are over the age of fifty-five.

Is there an objective standard of taste? Essay -- Art, Aesthetic Princi

In Aesthetics, it is thought that in order to show that a work of art is truly great, it is required that an assessment of aesthetic value must be made (Graham, 2001). Therefore, it can be seen as important that such criteria of can be defined in order to make such an assessment. In this essay, I shall argue that it is not possible for there to be an objective standard of taste that can be defined through a set of binding aesthetic principles that can be used to judge value of artistic works. Rather, than an objective standard of taste can exist without aesthetic rules or principles. This shall be done by first examining Hume’s seminal work ‘Of the standard of taste’ (Hume, SOT). Firstly Hume’s idea of ‘agreeableness’ of a work art shall be addressed, and how the idea of the test of time can result in unanimity of in aesthetic judgement as evidence that there can be an objective standard for aesthetic judgement. This shall be confirmed by examining Hume’s non-cognitivist account of aesthetic judgement proposing that no properties of objects can make them viable candidates for aesthetic evaluation, only the immediate and spontaneous reactions that they can evoke from us can. After this has been established it will then be shown that due to the shared nature of the human species, such aesthetic sentiments can display reasonable uniformity. Although it will have already been established that a uniformity of taste exists, it will be discussed how aesthetic sentiments can be improved by a sound understanding of what is being appreciated, as it is possible for some aesthetic judgments to be better than others, through aesthetic judgment o f individuals that Hume regards as being good critics, who have well-tuned aesthetic sensibilit... ... (1963) The abbreviations and texts cited above are as follows: [T] A Treatise of Human Nature, edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge, 2nd ed. revised by P.H. Nidditch, Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1975) [SOT] â€Å"Of the Standard of Taste,† in, The Philosophical Works of David Hume, edited by T. H. Green and T. H. Grose. 4 volumes, London: Longman, Green, 1874-75. [Page references above to individual essays are to volume 3 of this edition.] Web Articles used Zangwill, Nick, "Aesthetic Judgment", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . Gracyk, Ted, "Hume's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = .

Student Survival Guide

First, print the Course Syllabus and Calendar to review before class begins. On your computer, create a folder for each class under My Documents. Create sub-folders by weeks, or one sub-folder for materials and one for assignments you completed for the class. Under the Classroom tab, find Materials for each week of class. Each week, download all files on your computer under the folders created. Backup your files in a portable device to avoid losing work you’ve already completed. In the Library tab, you can access the University Library as well as the Center for Writing Excellence. The University Library conducts your search from multiple databases and you may narrow down a search by database or more search options. Information for article search to keep in mind is the use of key words, publication date, title of the article, which database it was found in, the author and whether the article has been peer-reviewed. In the Library, you can also View the Research Tutorials, Read the Library Handbook or Ask a Librarian for more information. The Center for Writing Excellence provides essential tools. WritePoint is a system to which you may submit a paper to be reviewed for grammar that spell-check on a computer may miss. Plagiarism Checker is a system in which you can submit a paper to be reviewed for plagiarism. Tutorials and Guides offer a variety of tools. Aside from tutorials, you can view samples, information, and handbooks. Whether you need to learn on a topic or simply brush up on your knowledge. Upholding Academic Honesty Review the Student Code of Academic Integrity from CWE in the University Library. Using someone else’s work in your own, whether intentionally or not without giving the original author proper credit, is plagiarism. This is considered to be academic dishonesty and can result in expulsion from the University, failing grade for the assignment or class, or suspension from the University. Self-plagiarism, fabrication, unauthorized assistance, copyright infringement, misrepresentation and collusion are also forms of academic dishonesty and can also result in corrective action. Always list your references and submit your papers to Plagiarism Checker before submitting the assignment. Setting and Achieving Goals It is important for every student to set long and short-term educational goals, as well as career goals. List what those goals are for you using the SMART technique. Each goal must be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. By setting specific steps to achieve your goals, you can make it easier to tackle obstacles as they may come. It is important to map out your goal in a way that you can see is attainable and realistic, so that you can measure your accomplishments every step of the way to reach your goal in the time you placed. When obstacles arise, re-evaluate your goal and adjust it where necessary. An Axia degree may be your goal, or a step-stone to your goal. Think of two long-term and short-term goals that will help you in your path to earning your degree. Then, think of one long-term goal in which your Axia college degree will benefit you. Managing Time Wisely Taking a look at your Course Syllabus ahead of time will help you map out how much time you will need to set aside for your courses during the week and when you can fit it into your schedule. Ensuring that you have time to complete assignments, submit them for review and submit them by the deadline. While taking two courses at Axia, weeks alternate between assignments and discussion questions. Each class is opposite to the other. Meaning that: while you have assignments due for one class; the other class is focusing on participation and vice versa. This makes your time between courses manageable. To juggle school, work and family responsibilities successfully, refer back to long-term and short-term goals. Prioritize your goals wisely. Utilize a planner to allocate your time realistically and efficiently. Make a time log of a typical day in your life. Identify activities that do not make good use of your time and think what you could have placed that time towards regarding your goals and priorities. This will avoid time-wasters and drive you towards your goals. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention Read in a distraction-free environment. Identify your reading purpose (pleasure, understanding, critically evaluation and/or practical application). Know your reading words per minute. Apply the SQ3R strategy to your reading routine will help to ensure you learn what you read. Surveying is your overview of what you are about to read. Look through the table of contents, titles and sub-titles of an article, read the preface of a book, and identify highlighted content such as words in italics or bold. At the end of the reading, look for a summary, bibliography and index. This will give you an idea of the reading’s content. Questioning is to ask yourself what you expect from the reading and what you wish to learn from it. Break it down into questions by chapter or section and look for your answers as you read. As you read, remember the titles and highlights from surveying. Look out for the key points and answers to your questions. Identify the main idea in each paragraph by highlighting, circling or taking notes. After each section, recite the answers to your questions and other key points you found by reading them over to yourself or out loud or re-writing them. This will help to review that all your questions were answered and help you retain the information. Review shortly after reading as well as every so often in the days to follow. Try summarizing the information by recalling the key points. Refer back to your notes or marked pages. Talking to someone about what you have learned or asking someone to quiz you is also an effective way to review. Applying Personality and Learning Styles It is important to continuously identify your learning style, strengths and weaknesses throughout your education as these may change circumstantially. This will help you make the most of your strengths and rise above your weaknesses. The Personality Spectrum based on Myer-Briggs Type Inventory by Katharine and Isabel Briggs names four personality types; Thinker, Organizer, Giver and Adventurer. Each personality type exhibits different characteristics such as the ability to solve problems, neatness, honesty and flexibility. Based on your personality type, certain study techniques will be more useful than others in your distance learning success. According to the Multiple Intelligences Theory by Professor Howard Gardner there are eight intelligences people have. Some are more developed than others in each individual. These are; verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic. Depending on which intelligence you have developed more than others, you possess certain skills and abilities. Based on those, you can identify which study techniques work best for you. Once you recognize your less-developed intelligences, you can partake in activities to develop in that area. For example, if your naturalistic intelligence is under-developed, you could find out-door activities you might enjoy or learn more about nature. Understanding personality types and intelligences will help you to relate to people who have different degrees of development in intelligences and different personality types than yours. While working in groups, it may help to delegate who would do best in each area of the assignment. It may also help to understand others on a personal level realizing that we all have different thought processes and characteristics.

Five Pillars of Islam Essay

What are the central beliefs of Islam, and how are they reflected in the â€Å"Five Pillars† (McInerney, 2003)? Which of the Five Pillars do you feel would be easiest to fulfill, and which would be the most challenging (McInerney, 2003)? Monotheism is one of the main central beliefs of Islam. This is the belief that there is only one God and that God is Allah. The Islam’s believe that their purpose for humanity is to only serve their God Allah and to construct a moral lifestyle. The five pillars are considered obligatory for all Muslims to follow. The five pillars can be found within the Qur’an which is Islam’s holy book. The first pillar is the shahadah. The Shahadah is the accepting that Muhammad is God’s messenger. Islamic culture believes that the prophet Muhammad is the founder of Islam’s faith. The second pillar is the daily prayers. In order to do this a Muslim must be in a state of ritual purity. One must prayer at least five times within a day. Muslims believe that doing so will bring them closer to God and they will be able to learn more about him. The third pillar is the fasting during Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar which is the Islamic month for fasting. Muslims have to avoid any type of drinking, eating and sexual relations from dawn until sunset. This is done in order for Muslims to learn about patience, humanity, and spirituality. The fourth pillar is called alms giving which is the giving of 2. 5 percent of one’s annual earnings to the poor and needy. Lastly, the fifth pillar is the pilgrimage to Mecca. This is a core practice and must be carried out at least once in a Muslims lifetime. The fourth pillar which consists of giving 2. percent of one’s annual pay to the poor and needy would be one of the easiest pillars for me to follow. I think everyone should do this. I’m a Christian and every Sunday that I go to church I always give to the needy whether its five dollars or two dollars that I have on me at the time. My religion believes that by giving we will receive blessings from our God. The pillar that would be difficult for me to follow would have to be pillar number three which is fasting. This would be difficult for me because I always have to be drinking water. I am also anemic and if I don’t eat after a while I tend to black out.

Different Types of Business

1. Sole trader – the oldest form of trading there is, it’s also the simplest and the most common type of business you’ll find. The clue is in the name – meaning that you are solely responsible for everything the business does and you’re often known as the proprietor. This is the usual form for small shops and businesses that provide services such as beauticians, hairdressers, photographers, gardeners and so on. When you start out in business, most often you use your own money to fund the venture. However, as you start to grow, you may need to find funding elsewhere. When this happens you may want or need to enter into another kind of business model: 2. Partnership – these are made up of two or more people and any profits, debts and decisions related to the business are a shared responsibility. These are common for practices that offer services such as accountants, dentists, doctors, solicitors and so on. 3. Company – the correct name for this is a joint stock company and it’s made up of a number of people who put their money together to form a ‘joint stock’ of capital. These people are more commonly known as shareholders and, as the name suggests, they each own a share of the business and each expect a share of the profits too. Each shareholder puts money into the company and receives a portion of the company – shares – equivalent to what they put in. Despite each shareholder owning a piece of the company, in law it is seen as a legal entity – the same as an individual – that is entirely separate from the shareholders or members, as they are sometimes known. It can be sued, make a profit or loss, be held responsible for its employees’ actions and go into liquidation – the term used for companies that go bankrupt. Private Limited Companies Most small businesses are private limited companies with the shares only available privately, for example, to family members. The shares are not available to buy publically so they cannot be traded on the stock market. Public Limited Companies Being a Public Limited Company (PLC) is much more complex and is usually reserved for larger companies. To be called a PLC a company must have, amongst other things, more than one director and a trading certificate from Companies House. PLCs can sell their shares on the stock market so anyone can buy them. Whilst it is easier to raise money using this method it also means that the company accounts are in the public domain. The company must also be audited and make certain information available to Companies House. Plus, PLCs can be bought out by other shareholders. 4. Franchises A franchise involves you using another company’s successful business model to create your own shop, restaurant etc. Essentially, you buy the franchise and trade off the good name of the company you’ve bought into. For example Subway – you’d find a suitable location, Subway would provide you with their livery, food products and use of trademark. You make money because customers are already familiar with Subway; so you have an instant customer base. Franchises are for a fixed period of time – from five to 35 years – and cover a certain location known as a ‘territory’. You’ll have to pay fees to the franchisor: royalties for using the trademark ees for the training and advice received There are specific and complex laws relating to franchise contracts so entering into one is something that needs to be thought about very carefully. 5. Workers Co-operatives This is a truly egalitarian form of business that is formed to meet the mutual needs of the workers. Each person – from the managing director to the shop floor assistant – is equal ly important. All decisions are taken democratically and any profits are shared equally or ploughed back into the business. Co-operatives follow seven guiding principles: Voluntary and open membership Democratic control Member economic participation (financial interest) Autonomy and independence Education, training and information Co-operation among co-operatives Concern for the community http://www. ica. coop/coop/principles. html This should give you a pretty good idea of the ethical and moral stance of a co-operative. 6. Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) LLPs are a relatively new form of business as they’ve only been around since 2001. They are intended to benefit professional partnerships such as lawyers, accountants and the like, who are restricted from forming limited companies due to restrictions from their professional bodies. LLPs operate in much the same way as limited partnerships and allow the members to limit their personal liability if something goes wrong with the business. So, as you can see, businesses can be simple or complex but, once you know what all the terminology means, you should find it quite easy to decide which kind of business structure will best suit your needs.

Reading Log Brave New World

Who? | Where + When? | What? | Chapter I| Director, students, Henry Foster, Lenina| Central London Hatchery and Conditioning CentreYear A. F. 632| – World State’s motto: ‘Community, Identity Stability’ – The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning (D. H. C. shows some new arrived students the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre–> introduces them to the principles of the mass production of humans- There are groups of ‘alpha’, ‘beta’, ‘gamma’, ‘delta’ and ‘epsilon’ – Work with the ‘Bokanovsky’s Process’–> one of the major instruments of social stability – Mr Foster, an avid employee, tells the students more about the Centre- The embryos are prepared for their later life and work | Chapter II| Director, students, infants, nurses| Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre (Infant-Nurseries – Neo-Pavlovian Conditi oning Rooms)| – The tour continues in the Infant Nurseries-Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning Rooms –Example of conditioning: low-caste babies are offered books and flowers which they want to reach; suddenly there are loud frightening sirens and the babies get a slight electric shock –> they should learn to associate books and flowers with negative experiences–> lower caste humans are not supposed to read because it is a waste of time and flowers are useless- The Director explains hypnopaedia (sleep-teaching) –> children listen to tapes that permanently repeat slogans about behaviour and attitudes during their sleeps| Chapter III| Director, students, Mustapha Mond, Henry Foster, Lenina, Fanny, Bernard Marx| Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre (outside in the garden), the lift, Girl’s Dressing-Room| – In the garden the students observe children playing erotic games -> they are encouraged to play sexual games-The Directo r tells the group about the suppression of erotic games in former times -> it is incredible to the students- Mustapha Mond, one of the ten rulers, appears and gives a lecture on history -> â€Å"history is bunk† a explains why it was necessary to change the society-> Lenina Crowne and her friend Fanny Crowne talk about men and Lenina’s interest in Bernard Marx, who is said to be strange – Bernard Marx overhears Henry Foster talking with a friend about Lenina -> dislikes the way they talk about women as if they were meat| Chapter IV| Lenina, Bernard, Mr Helmholtz Watson| The lift, Propaganda House, Bernard’s apartment| – Lenina and Bernard meet in a rowded lift and Lenina asks him about their plan to go to the Savage Reservation in New Mexico; Bernard feels embarrassed about that – Bernard is uncertain about Lenina because on the one hand she wants to go on holiday with him and on the other hand she spends much time with Henry Fos ter- Bernard feels to be an outsider –Bernard and his friend Mr Helmholtz Watson meet–> both are an ‘alpha-plus’ and both feel like individuals and for this reason like outsiders | Chapter V| Lenina, Henry, Bernard, other participants,| Helicopter, a club, Henry’s apartment, Fordson Community Singery| Part 1:- Lenina and Henry fly with the helicopter over the Slough Crematorium where corpses are burnt to recover phosphorus which is used as a fertilizer –> even dead people are useful for the society- They talk about how it is like to be an ‘Epsilon’ and come to the conclusion that everyone is happy- In the evening they dine and go to a club together; after that they have sex in Henry’s apartment- ‘Soma’ is served with the coffee after meal–> indispensable for the people in the state, otherwise they can’t feel happyPart 2:- Bernard takes part in a Solidarity Service with eleven other peopl e–> they take ‘soma’, sing hymns and wait for the coming of the ‘Greater Being’-While everyone there enjoys it as a feeling of unity, Bernard feels very isolated| Chapter VI| Bernard, Lenina, Fanny, Director, Helmholtz, a warden| Helicopter, Bernard’s apartment, Director’s room, Savage Reservation| Part 1:- Bernard go to the Woman’s Heavyweight Wrestling Championships in Amsterdam together – They have different ideas of happiness–> Lenina wants to do sports and have fun with ‘soma’, he prefers being alone with her, avoids crowds and refuses ‘soma’ – Bernard wants to be happy in his own individual way and not â€Å"enslaved by his conditioning† – When Bernard realizes that Lenina does not understand him, he takes ‘soma’ and sleeps with herPart 2:- Bernard goes to the D. H. C. to get his permission to enter the Savage Reservation –

Bahan Kuliah Essay

1. The Rationale Literature and literary study is different. Literature is about a creative activity and an art. Literary study is not like a science. It is like a kind of knowledge and we need to learn it. Those are said by Austin Warren in Theory of Literature. The way to do a literary study is how we analyze the literary work. There are so many way to analyze a literary work, it depends on what we want to know about the literary work itself. There are many part of a literary work that we can choose to analyze it. We can analyze the inner part of a litarary work or want to know deeply a literary work by analyzing the outer side. It just depends on what we really want to know. A short story is one of literary works. It has the same elements like the others although the form is different. It has a theme that makes the story goes well as the writer wants to tell. A theme makes the story clearly to be read and the readers can get easily what the meaning of the story is. The theme helps us to interpret what the story means easily. Bidpai’s The Camel and His Friends has a clear theme. The theme is about a betrayal of a friendship. It is another kind of friendship theme in literary works. Friendship is usually told on the positive thing in a literary work but it tells the negative aspect of friendship. There will be a betrayal in a friendship when someone wants to get down his friend to win something and he betrays his friend to get what he wants. By knowing the theme, the moral of the story will be revealed. In the story, there is a camel that was left by his master in a jungle. Then he met the king of jungle, a lion, with his friends, a leopard, a fox, and a crow. Then they made friends in the jungle. Even though they already made friends,  they finally betrayed the camel and made him as a sacrifice for the hungry lion and his friends. It tells that someone must be careful in choosing his friends because sometimes they can be do well for us or the contrary. Theme is an important element of a literary work, especially in a short story. It influences the whole story. From the explaination above, there is a connection between theme and moral because by knowing the theme, the readers can get the moral aspect from the story. 2. Problem to Discuss The main topic of this term is about theme. It is about how the theme works in this short story. The theme of this story is a betrayal of a friendship. It was done by the new friends of a camel in this story, the were a lion, a leopard, a fox, and a crow. The theme makes it easy to understand and to interpret. The story begins with the lost camel who was left by his master in a jungle because he got fatigue. Then he met a lion, a leopard, a fox, and a crow. He made friends with them there. Although they were friends, finally the camel was killed by his friends because they were hungry. He was killed as a sacrifice for the king of jungle, the lion. The theme makes the story clear to understand and interpret. It also makes the other elements so clear to know. However, the writer still wants to know the evidences how it works on the other elements.