Benefits of a Restaurant Management System Assignment

Benefits of a Restaurant Management System - Assignment Example The RMS ensures that minimal time is taken to deliver a guest’s order. Guests dislike restaurants where it takes a lot of time to process an order. RMS will ensure that guests get their orders delivered on time, since the order system is automated (Connor 61). The system streamlines employees’ tasks thus saving time, which results in improved productivity. Better Reaction to TrendsThe RMS keeps track of sales and cost information by employee, time period, outlet, table and meal period among others. This way, the restaurant can easily identify any problems or areas affecting profitability and take the appropriate actions. This would not be easy to spot using a manual system.  Ã‚   Reduced Labor ExpensesThe RMS can take many orders at the same time without the risk of mix up, as would be in the case of a manual system. RMS reduces the need for excess paperwork which can be easily printed from the system. This reduces the number of employees on the payroll thus reducing labor expenses, which form a significant part of total expenses.   Reduced Late ChargesThe system ensures that the charges pertaining to foods and beverages are posted to a folio prior to check-out. A manual system would not efficiently post the charges resulting to late charges. An automated management system ensures that charges are posted on time and accurately, in addition to checking the status of the room or credit pertaining to a particular guest. It also reduces the time used to serve each guest resulting in better guest control.

Impact of Trade on Empires

Impact of Trade on Empires POWER TRADE OF EMPIRES How does power and trade shape an Empire? ( Formation, Rise more) Every Great Empire begins with a country’s love for imperialism; Imperialism is when a country extends its power and trade, influencing colonization by use of military force (Power); An Empire is when a country under a single supreme authority with absolute power, when it comes to an empire’s imperialism power is the ability to control over people and their country. When it comes to trade, it is very important because the empire needs resources it can’t acquire by itself. (Merriam-webster.com) The Geographical location of an Empire was very important, this was because it affected the trading in the region, meaning other countries in need of trade had to go through that Empire’s region as a result trading for them became difficult because they would have their resources taken from that Empire. But this sometimes would not make trading difficult because it would open an opportunity a country to trade with an Empire in need of resources. In order for an Empir e to be successful it needs power and the ability to be able to trade information and resources. The British Empire The British Empire where the sun never sets was one of the largest and greatest Empire that was ever created. It begun in the 1500s when Queen Elizabeth the first granted the authority to Humphrey Gilbert for overseas exploration, in order to discover new land. It took Humphrey Gilbert quite some time to find Newland, after he sailed and found some form of land, after finding new land in his return to Britain Humphrey Gilbert died when his boat sank close to the Azore Islands, his half-brother then later on took his position and that was the beginning of the Empire. The British Empire had such power that influence strained globally, by the late 17th century Britain had a great Empire, with colonies in West Indies and America, in the 1775-1783 after the American Revolution; Britain lost control over America causing it to fall. In 1780s the British Empire was in need for resources to fuel their growing economy and also to fuel the industrial revolution, which as a result Britain become to explore other continents, therefore resulted in going to Africa which had many un used resources. After going to Africa Britain found it very difficult to colonize parts of Africa mostly due to diseases and lack of equipment; the diseases in Africa killed many British soldiers in astounding numbers, they were diseases that there horse would die from making it difficult for them to travel from one place to another. Diseases where not the only problem for Britain, the people of Africa resisted the British’s influence causing battles in many regions. In battle the Africans had an advantage because it was there land and they knew every bit of it, even though the British had guns, they proved to be very useless, because it took a while to reload which was a disadvantage. (BBC-The British Empire through Time) Rise They fought in many battle with swords but there too the Africans had an advantage because they had Poisonous arrows, swords and axes; all this was too overwhelming for the British to handle. Moreover the British Empire and economy was falling because they had lost America, they were losing a lot of men in the battles and they could not get the resources to fuel their industrial revolution. Technology was the turning for everything in the British Empire, the created of guns, armoured vehicles and medicine, now the British had an advantage. Technology change how the British fought battle in Africa, they would take down many Africans with their guns which were quick to reload, medicine would result in many soldiers not dying from diseases and armoured vehicles were most useful because African weapons would not breach the vehicle, moreover they would travel from one place to another quickly without being attacked by wild animals. In the 20th century the British Empire begun to rise beca use they took over some parts of Africa and acquired the resources needed for their industrial revolution, technology also helped the Empire defeat the Chinese and Indians. They traded raw materials with other Europeans countries and also America. Fall The British Empire begun to fall in the 1914 when world war 1 begun, Britain had lose many of soldiers and resources, many countries they had colonized begun to resist and Britain could not control them because they were lacking soldiers and resources. World War 2 hit the British Empire had because Germany had taken over basically all of Europe except Britain; Britain was being hit from all sides. After Germany was defeated the British Empire was at it weaken point because they lost more resources and men than World War 1, Britain begun to lose control of the colonized countries, the British Empire completely fell in 1980s. The Mongolian Empire The Mongolian Empire was the largest Empire that ever formed in the history of Empire. The reason the Mongols became the greatest and largest Empire started with one person, his was titled as Genghis khan, before Genghis khan born the Mongolia was a land filled with Nomads, pastoral people, herders. The Mongolians travel from one place to another because of seasonal climate change. Genghis Khan born in the 11th century, Genghis Khan is known as one of the great leaders that have ever stood on Earth, even today, his is remembered as The Great Khan. Rise The Mongolian Empire was formed in 1206, from then it begun expanding swiftly, the Empire’s first leader Genghis Khan exerted military knowledge, strength and skills, he took in the lower class people; furthermore he abolished women slavery and kidnapping. Our made him a great leader in the eyes of the Mongolians, he made them rise up and conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans ever could in 400 years. They controlled over 11 million contiguous square miles, but for all this to happen they needed to be powerful, skilful and to be able to trade. The Mongolians used had a great leader and great military skills, they were fast and strong; they were mostly skilful with the horses and archery, they created battle ships for them to invade japan, introducing gun powder which they used to trade with many European countries. The Mongols always wanted to be feared and to have the upper hand in everything. They would slaughter whole cities just to show their power and scare their enemies; the Mongols are one of the most brutal Empires that have ever existed, destroying cities, conquering other large Empires for example China. At that time China was made up of three main empires that were all defeat by the Mongols which are Xi Xia, the Qin, and Na-Chung. Xi Xia. Moreover the Empire was known to be safe for trading, they created a system that made travelling and communicating very easy, as a result they would know if enemies were coming, but no Empire Attack the Mongols head on because they were too afraid and knew that they would lose . Furthermore they opened routes enabling then to travel fast and to make trading easy because the Mongols were very serious when it came to trade. Fall After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolians Empire was divided into 4 parts called Khanates which were governed by his descendants and they descendant’s children. Primary Genghis Khan did not directly lead to the fall of the Empire. The 4 divided Empire continued to expand, which were the Golden Horde in Russia, Yuan Dynasty in China, the IL khanate in Middle East and the Chagatai in Central Asia.; they began falling due to inner factors and also outer. The Yuan Dynasty fell due to wrong military decisions; they failed in fending off the rebellion and resisting Chinese, the Yuan Dynasty basically ended in 1368 when they were push out of china. The IL khanate in Middle East fell because there was no one in line for the throne; he encountered the same problem as Henry VIII, Abu Sa’id who was felled to provide a male heir. Likewise the throne was taken over by warlords.( Medieval News 24/11/14) Moreover the other parts Golden Horde and Chagatai fell due to inner factors than outer factors unlike the Yuan Dynasty. Compare and Contrast Empires Power Trade Similarities British Empire The British Empire came from their knowledge of creating new technological innovations. Technology was the turning for everything in the British Empire, the creation of Guns, battle ships and vehicles. They would take down many of their enemies using Guns which had quick reloading unlike the early gun they were using. They had a strong Military with good leaders. Wanted to have the upper hand and wanted to be the greatest country. They traded raw materials with other Europeans countries and also America. They needed resources which they did not have to fuel their growing economy. The British Empire did not trade much because they had conquered many countries with resources they needed, but trading was still very important in the Empire. Both Empire wanted power, they had a lot of love for imperialism causing them to explore and conquer other countries using Military force. They had the types of leaders that always wanted to have the upper hand. Even though both Empire had conquered many countries with most of the resources they needed, trading was still very important to them. Mongolian Empire The Mongolians power came from their great leader and there great military skills. Always wanted to have the upper hand, meaning in wars they would go full on without holding anything back The Mongolians they were fast and strong; they were mostly skilful with the horses and archery, they created battle ships for them to invade Japan introducing gun powder. They had safe areas for trading and the Empire trading was very safe. Trading was very important to the Mongolians resulting in many routes from China to Caspian sea to be built. They took over silk road using force but treated it very well and also encourage trade in most parts of the region. Differences The Mongolian Empire rose due to one strong leader who had great military knowledge and skills, that leader named The Great Khan is known as one of the best leader ever to exist. The Mongols were very brutal and would destroy many cities just to show the amount of power they have and they always were blood thirsty. The British Empire would try to talk to the enemies but if the enemies did not agree to the British, they would use force. The British Empire would force were it is needed unlike the Mongols who were always about force. The British would have friendly trades but the Mongols would usually force countries into trade. They are both empire from different time periods. Conclusion We have learnt how power and trade will shape an empire, therefore answering the research question. Likewise we have that power is not always needed in an empire, unlike the Mongols who thrived on power, trade was also very important to them in order for them to acquire the resources need. Moreover the Mongols always wanted to have the upper hand, they would bring enough men to battle so that they cannot be out numbered. The British too are mostly the same but they did not thrive on power, they trade because of their growing economy and needed resources for the industrial revolution. Bibliography Morgan, David. Medieval News: The Decline and fall of the Mongol Empire.Medieval News: The Decline and fall of the Mongol Empire. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 11 Jan. 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. . Industrial Revolution.History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution>. Britains Industrial Revolution (1780-1850).SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1848/section1.rhtml>. The British Empire through Time.BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/uk_through_time/british_empire_through_time/revision/4/>. Power.Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/power>. How or Why Is Trade Important to an Empire?Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo!, 2007. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080120001944AArTQMa>. Ping, Elizabeth. Mongol Empire and International Trade System.Academia.edu. N.p., 21 Nov. 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. http://www.academia.edu/1220114/Mongol_Empire_and_International_Trade_System>. Miskovets, Nikita.Rise and Fall of British Empire. St. Petersburg: Private School  «Vzmakh », 2011. Print.

Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge? Essay -- Proverb Analysis

Doubt is the middle ground between blind acceptance and outright refusal to believe. Doubt lends itself to a certain uncomfortable feeling of questioning but is a necessary tool to reach perceived truth and knowledge. Without doubt, one would believe anything he or she is told; it is a natural filter for the information thrust upon us. Doubt is in some ways the opposite of faith. Faith insinuates an acceptance so powerful that one does not need evidence to back up one’s claim. The lack of evidence does not bother the faithful, but it will pester the doubter like an insatiable itch. But the specter of doubt looms over the doubter, demanding that questions be asked of whatever â€Å"fact† has been presented. The doubter will use the four ways of knowing—emotion, reason, language, and sense perception—to answer the questions and become a knower. Doubt is especially necessary in two areas of knowledge: history and human sciences. When studying history, one mu st doubt the stories presented as facts and consider possible distortions created by biases or the passage of time. Without doubt, the field of human science would never advance past the current understanding, leaving human kind stuck in an age of primitive treatment and technology. The accuracy of history is weakened by time, perception, and memory. The Bible, for example, is particularly prone to such weaknesses. Millions of people accept it as fact despite its many fallacies. The events in the Bible are considered to be part of history. Yet such events were written about many years after they actually occurred. For example, Jesus is thought to have died in 33 A.D. This date is considered likely as his death must have occurred before Pontius Pilate left his position in 36 A.D. Y... ...iam. â€Å"The Gospel According to Luke.† The Interpreter’s One-Volume Commentary on the Bible.† Nashville: Abingdon, 1971. 672-706. Print. Bawer, Bruce. "What is Truth?" Rev. of Pontius Pilate , by Ann Wroe. Reviews by Bruce Bawer Fall 2001. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. . Leo, Johnathan. "The Fallacy of the 50% Concordance Rate for Schizophrenia in Identical Twins." Rev. of The Gene Illusion , by Jay Joseph. Human Nature Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. . Pentecost, J. Dwight. The Word and Works of Jesus Christ: A Study of the Life of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2000. Amazon.com. Web. 1 Jan2011.. The Ryrie Study Bible. Chicago: Moody, 1976. Print. New American Standard Translation. Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge? Essay -- Proverb Analysis Doubt is the middle ground between blind acceptance and outright refusal to believe. Doubt lends itself to a certain uncomfortable feeling of questioning but is a necessary tool to reach perceived truth and knowledge. Without doubt, one would believe anything he or she is told; it is a natural filter for the information thrust upon us. Doubt is in some ways the opposite of faith. Faith insinuates an acceptance so powerful that one does not need evidence to back up one’s claim. The lack of evidence does not bother the faithful, but it will pester the doubter like an insatiable itch. But the specter of doubt looms over the doubter, demanding that questions be asked of whatever â€Å"fact† has been presented. The doubter will use the four ways of knowing—emotion, reason, language, and sense perception—to answer the questions and become a knower. Doubt is especially necessary in two areas of knowledge: history and human sciences. When studying history, one mu st doubt the stories presented as facts and consider possible distortions created by biases or the passage of time. Without doubt, the field of human science would never advance past the current understanding, leaving human kind stuck in an age of primitive treatment and technology. The accuracy of history is weakened by time, perception, and memory. The Bible, for example, is particularly prone to such weaknesses. Millions of people accept it as fact despite its many fallacies. The events in the Bible are considered to be part of history. Yet such events were written about many years after they actually occurred. For example, Jesus is thought to have died in 33 A.D. This date is considered likely as his death must have occurred before Pontius Pilate left his position in 36 A.D. Y... ...iam. â€Å"The Gospel According to Luke.† The Interpreter’s One-Volume Commentary on the Bible.† Nashville: Abingdon, 1971. 672-706. Print. Bawer, Bruce. "What is Truth?" Rev. of Pontius Pilate , by Ann Wroe. Reviews by Bruce Bawer Fall 2001. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. . Leo, Johnathan. "The Fallacy of the 50% Concordance Rate for Schizophrenia in Identical Twins." Rev. of The Gene Illusion , by Jay Joseph. Human Nature Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. . Pentecost, J. Dwight. The Word and Works of Jesus Christ: A Study of the Life of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2000. Amazon.com. Web. 1 Jan2011.. The Ryrie Study Bible. Chicago: Moody, 1976. Print. New American Standard Translation.

Health Assessment Essay

Assessment of environmental processes includes agents and factors that may cause injury, illness, or death. Choose one of the following age groups: toddler, preschool, and school-age child. List some of the most frequent causes of injuries, illness, or death at the age level. Discuss and describe safety concerns specific to the age, listing the most common causes of injury, illness (acute or chronic), trauma, and death for the age level. Describe how health promotion and health prevention interventions can be incorporated into parent and child teaching. Including in-text citations and references for each of the scholarly sources used. Respond to other learners’ posts in a manner that initiates or contributes to discussion. School-age children, face daily exposure to environmental agents and factors that may cause injury, illness, or death similar to those of all other age groups. Physical agents such as fires; mechanical agents such as bicycles, skateboards, and cars; biological agents such as bacteria; chemical agents such as asbestos; and radiological agents such as x-rays are the causes of injuries or death. Accidents are the leading cause of death in children over age 1 year in the United States. Accidents from contact sports and cuts, falls, burns, and injuries from firearms, are also increasing. Typically school-age boys have more accidents than girls, perhaps due to differences in personalities, societal expectations, child-rearing practices, and more risk-taking behaviors. Most accidents happen outdoors, and it occur mostly in summer because of outside play. The nurse has a significant role in educating parents and school personnel on ways to prevent dangers to school-age children and to become involved in public initiatives to create a safer society for them. Parents of these children must be involved in community and legislative activities that provide safe play environments. Each child should have a well-maintained bicycle, ride only in safe areas approved by parents, observe rules for vehicle traffic and use a federally approved riding helmet. Parental supervision when children play close to streets and heavy traffic areas. Children should wear a seat belt or be in age-appropriate booster seat as needed; older children should ride with restraint system and in back seat until age 12. Working smoke detectors should be in place in home and school. Children need to engage in age-appropriate activities and wear protective equipment according to the sport. Parents need to ensure safety and maintenance of all sports equipment. Children should play with friends, have a plan for returning home, know home phone number and address, play in safe and known area, and report any suspicious activity threatening their safety to an appropriate adult. Children should know how to locate assistance when in an unsafe situation. Children should avoid insecticides, radiation sources, inappropriate use of medications, and pollution sources; parents need to store all known toxins, chemicals, and household cleaning agents in an adequately ventilated location that is unreachable to children. Edelman, Mandle. Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span, 7th Edition.

Women’s Rights Movement

The Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the  suffrage  movement. The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647.Margaret Brent, a property owner in Maryland wanted two votes in the newly formed colonial assembly to represent her vote and the vote of Lord Baltimore whom she held power-of-attorney. (Pleck, 2007) The governor eventually turned down her demands. The 1790 constitution of New Jersey allowed women property owners the right to vote through a loophole that stated that â€Å"all inhabitants† that met property and residence requirements could vote.This loophole was closed in 1807 by a state legislator that had almost lost an election due to a women’s voting bloc. Other than these isolated incidents the first organized women’s  suffrage movement  can be traced back to the mid 1800’s with the  Seneca Falls  Convention. The organized movement started at Seneca Falls, NY with a meeting called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. (National Women's History Museum, 2007) Both women received their start in the women’s suffrage movement by being active in the abolitionist movement.Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an important element of the Women’s Rights Movement, but not many people know of her significance or contributions because she has been overshadowed by her longtime associate and friend, Susan B. Anthony. However, I feel that she was a woman of great importance who was the driving force behind the 1848 Convention, played a leadership role in the women’s rights movement for the next fifty years, and in the wor ds of Henry Thomas, â€Å"She was the architect and author of the movement’s most important strategies ad documents. † Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in 1815 into an affluent family in Johnstown, New York.Now, while Stanton was growing up, she tried to imitate her brother’s academic achievements due to the fact that her parents, Daniel and Mary Livingston Cady, preferred their sons to their daughters. In trying to copy her male siblings, she got an extraordinary education: she went to Johnstown Academy and studied Greek and mathematics; she learned how to ride and manage a horse; she became a skilled debater; and she attended the Troy Female Seminary in New York (one of the first women ‘s academies to offer an advanced education equal to that of male academies) where she studies logic, physiology, and natural rights philosophy.However, it wasn’t her education, but watching her father, who was a judge and lawyer, handle his cases, that cause her to become involved in various women rights movements. Stanton and Mott attended the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 and were refused seating for being women. After this incident the two women started seeing a connection between the plight of slaves and the treatment of women in the United States. The women’s movement took a back seat to the slavery movement during the American Civil War as the women turned their attention to working through the war.However, after the war was over the women’s movement thought they were in a good position to win some key battles due to their war work and the attention being paid to equal rights at the time. This was not to be so as the Republicans in power believed that women’s suffrage would hurt their chances to push forth rights for freed slaves because of the widespread unpopularity of women’s rights. (National Women's History Museum, 2007)   After the war the women’s movement split into r ival factions with Stanton and Susan B.Anthony forming the National Woman’s Suffrage Association and Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe forming the American Woman’s Suffrage Association. The NWSA did not support the passing of the 15th amendment because the amendment did not address the giving of equal rights to women as well as blacks and fought against the passing of the amendment as a result. The AWSA supported the 15th amendment and wanted to fight for women’s rights in the states separately. Pleck, 2007) The two movements eventually reunited in 1890 to become the National American Woman Suffrage Association led by Susan B. Anthony until 1900 when Carrie Chapman Catt took over. Catt was integral in the strategy to work for women’s suffrage on both the federal and state level upon her re-election to president of the NAWSA in 1915 which led to another faction split between the NAWSA and a group led by Alice Paul who believed that the major push of the fight needed to be focused at the federal level. About. com, 2007)   Finally all the hard work of the women’s movement paid off in the summer of 1920 with the ratification of the 19th amendment. This was not an easily won victory however. Congress first took up the issue in 1915 but the bill lost in the voting and was shelved for almost three years. (â€Å"Women's Suffrage,† 2007) On the eve of the vote President Wilson made a widely publicized appeal for the passage of the bill and this time the bill barely passed with the need two-thirds majority.However, the bill failed to gain the necessary votes to pass the Senate even with another of President Wilson’s appeals for the passage of the bill. The bill would be voted down twice over the following year before finally gaining enough votes to pass due to Congress’ interest in having the issue solved prior to the presidential elections slated for 1920 and on June 4, 1919 the Senate voted to pass the bill to add the amendment to the constitution securing women’s rights. The effects of the 19th amendment on the United States can be seen everywhere.More women now hold public office and the United States even has a woman running for the Democratic nomination for president. The women’s voting block is one politicians cannot forget about and still have hopes of being successful. The ability of women to vote, even though sparsely used until the 1980s, changed how companies did business and what legislation was passed for respect of the potential voting power of women. More women friendly policies exist, both in the workplace and in general life, which can be attributed to the hard work of the pioneers in the women’s movement.Knowing that men controlled the ability of women to vote and that a way of life would be drastically changed makes the gains of women to vote even more amazing. I can stand back now and admire the bravery of the women who fought for what was and is right fully theirs and for the bravery of the men to do the right thing by allowing women equal rights. You can just reflect about today’s life and affairs to see that the shift from legal rights to suffrage was successful.Our public offices consist of many great female leaders, and the future for America is brighter with collaboration of men and women alike. The efforts of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were indeed not in vain as they rallied up people to protest in unison and the results are evidenced by the American political structure today. References About. Com. (2007). Women's History: about Carrie Chapman Catt. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from About. com Web Site: http://womenshistory. about. com/library/bio/blbio_catt_carrie_chapman. htmNational Women's History Museum. (2007). Women's Suffrage exhibition. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from National Women's History Museum Web Site: http://www. nwhm. org/exhibits/tour_02-02d. html Pleck, E. (2007). Women's Suffrage. Retrieved Nov ember 24, 2007, from Scholastic Web Site: http://teacher. scholastic. com/activities/suffrage/history. htm Women's Suffrage. (2007, November 26). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States

12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts

12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 12 More Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts By Mark Nichol Following up on a post about words that originally pertained (or in one sense pertain) to military units but have developed nonmilitary connotations based on that sense, here are additional terms referring to military individuals or groups that have civilian senses as well. 1. captain: ultimately from Latin caput (â€Å"head†), originally referring to the leader of a war party and later to a military officer in command of a set unit or a ship; later, applied in general to a leader or head of a group or team. 2. cavalry: from Italian cavaliere (â€Å"horseman†), a body of soldiers mounted on horses (and later those assigned to mechanized units); by extension, from the clichà © in movie westerns of a US cavalry unit coming to the rescue of the protagonists, used in references to one or more people who bring aid to others. 3. lieutenant: from Old French lieu tenant (â€Å"in place of†), originally, an officer who was deputy to a captain but later also a specific military rank; in civilian usage, a right-hand man or woman or a subordinate. 4. muster: from Latin monstrare (â€Å"to show†)- interestingly, akin to monster- referring to an assembly of military personnel or serving as a verb synonymous with assemble, but also pertains to any assembly, collection, or inventory or to a sample or specimen. 5. picket: from French piquer (â€Å"pierce†), a group of soldiers assigned to guard a camp, or the action of doing so; in civilian usage, a distinct meaning of â€Å"protesting during a demonstration or strike† or a reference to a sharp stake, such as one that is part of a picket fence. 6. rank-and-file: from Old English ranc (â€Å"strong†) and Latin filum (â€Å"cord† or â€Å"thread), the arrangement of military personnel in rows and columns; by extension, a reference to ordinary employees or members as opposed to those in leadership roles . 7. reserve: from Latin reservare (â€Å"keep back†), one or more units of soldiers kept more or less in readiness in case they are needed as reinforcements; in general usage, anything kept in stock or kept apart from a general issue or supply. 8. scout: from Latin auscultare (â€Å"heed,† â€Å"listen†), a person, sometimes a local civilian- or a group called a scouting party- sent to explore, observe, or search to obtain information about the enemy; in entertainment or sports, someone who observes prospective performers or recruits. 9. sergeant: from Latin serviens (â€Å"servant†), originally referred to a servant but later applied to an experienced common soldier who supervised others under command of a nobleman or knight; the term now denotes an experienced soldier or police officer holding the rank of sergeant or (in the military) a variation of the rank such as staff sergeant. 10. task force: from taxare (â€Å"tax†), a unit formed temporarily to achieve a specific objective; the sense in civilian usage is the same. 11. troops: from Old French trope (â€Å"band,† â€Å"company†), also the source of troupe, collectively refers to soldiers (in singular form the name of a specific military unit, not a designation for a single soldier); in general usage, an informal reference to a company’s employees or an organization’s members (as in â€Å"Round up the troops for a meeting†). 12. wingman: originally a term for a pilot who supports the leader of a flying formation, now also slang for someone who backs up a person who seeks to approach potential romantic or sexual partners. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in""Certified" and "Certificated"20 Ways to Laugh

Paul Henderson Essays - Politics And Sports, Free Essays

Paul Henderson Essays - Politics And Sports, Free Essays Paul Henderson For this project I chose as the quintessential Canadian, Paul Henderson. He is representative of the entire 1972 Team Canada. Before this famous series, it was assumed that Team Canada was unbeatable, but it soon became clear that Canada would be the underdogs and have to fight back. In the end, it was the little known player, Paul Henderson, who became the star and restored pride in the hearts of all Canadians. He is truly a "quintessential" Canadian. The 1972 Summit Series represented what was going to be a test of the best, to see who was the best "Hockey Country," Canada or the Soviet Union. Canada put their superstars up against the Soviet Union in an eight game Series where four games would be played in Canada and four in the Soviet Union. The games in Canada were played in Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg and Vancouver while in the Soviet Union, they were all played in Moscow. The superstars for Canada included Bobby Orr, Ken Dryden, Tony and Phil Esposito, the Mahovolich brothers, Jean Ratelle, Yvon Cournoyer, Rod Gilbert, Dennis Hull, Brad Park and Pat Stapleton. Canada seemed to have a stacked team, but the Soviet Union was not about to quit. In fact, they dominated Team Canada in Canada taking two of four, losing one and tying one. Canada was embarrassed! Losing game one in Montreal 7-3 Canada had given the mental edge to the Soviet Union, but took it right back in game two in Toronto with a 4-1 win. Game three in Winnipeg was anyone's game, but neither team could get a definite lead and the final was 4-4. The series was now 1-1-1 for both teams. Convinced that they could not go to the Soviet Union trailing in the series, Canada needed a big game, but to no avail as they lost in Vancouver 5-3. Team Canada left the ice to the sound of boos. When the game was over, Phil Esposito said that they (Team Canada) were going out every night and playing their butt's off and all the selfish Canadian fans can do is boo them off the ice. He thought it was a disgrace. They were giving it 150 percent every night for one reason, because they loved their country. After that interview, 3,000 fanatic fans bought tickets to see Canada in Moscow. Down two games to one, Team Canada needed three out of four to win the Summit Series and prove that Canada was the best. Unfortunately, Canada lost the first game in the Soviet Union, and were down 3-1-1. Canada was in a state of desperation and that is when Paul Henderson stepped up. Game six in Moscow was the first of the three crucial games in Canadian history. Henderson, with one minute left in Game six, slipped the puck past a sprawling Vladislav Tretiak to get the 3-2 win. In game seven, Henderson was again the hero scoring the winning goal in a dramatic 4-3 finish. Game eight was THE biggest game in Team Canada history. This Summit Series started with Team Canada as the favorites, and that changed to the Soviet Union being the favorites and the Canadians being the underdogs. Now Game eight was here and Canadians all over the world were watching. With the series tied 3-3-1 Canada needed the win to prove they were the best. With the score deadlocked at 5 and one minute to go, Henderson made Pete Mahovlich get off the ice to let him on. With 40 seconds left, Cournoyer sent the puck ahead to a speeding Henderson. Henderson slipped and fell into the near boards. Esposito intercepted the clearing attempt by the Soviet Union and banged it towards Tretiak who made the save but left the rebound loose. Henderson, alone in front, took two whacks and on the second whack it went in to the right of Tretiak with only 34 seconds left on the clock. Canada had won the game. Paul Henderson, is the true Canadian hero and the perfect definition of the "Quintessential Canadian". Canadians all over the world were filled with a sense of pride at that moment in time. At that time, Hockey was the one thing that helped identify us as Canadians. It

Pronunciation of Words With Weak and Strong Forms

Pronunciation of Words With Weak and Strong Forms English is a stress-time language which means that some words are stressed and others are not when speaking. Generally, content words such as nouns and principal verbs are stressed, while structure words such as articles, helping verbs, etc. are not.   The Structure of Words A number of structure words have both weak and strong pronunciation. As a rule, the structure will take the weak pronunciation which means that the vowel becomes muted. For example, take a look at these sentences: I can play piano.Tom is from New England. Here are these two sentences with accented words in italics. Mary can play piano.Tom is from Chicago. Can, and from and is are unaccented and the vowel is very weak. This weak vowel sound is often referred to as a schwa. In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) the schwa is represented as an upside-down e. It is, however, also possible to use these words with a strong form. Take a look at the same structure words, but used with strong pronunciation: You CANT  play tennis. - Yes, I CAN.Where is Tom FROM? In these two sentences, the placement at the end of the sentence calls for the strong pronunciation of the word. In other cases, the usually unaccented word becomes accented as a means of stressing that something is contrary to what is understood by others. Look at these two sentences in a dialogue. You arent interested in coming next week, are you?Yes, I AM interested in coming! Try the following exercise to practice both the weak and strong form.  Write two sentences: One sentence using the weak form, and one using the strong form. Try practicing these sentences taking care to quickly glide over the vowel in the weak form, or pronouncing the vowel or diphthong sound firmly in the strong form. Here are a few examples: Ive heard you have a company in the city. No, I work FOR a company in the city.What are you looking for? She is our sister.OUR sister is so talented! Practice Activity Decide how the word indicated would change the meaning in the following sentences when using the strong form. Practice saying each sentence aloud alternating between weak and strong forms. Do you notice how the meaning changes through stress? I am an English teacher in Portland, Oregon. - strong amI am an English teacher from Portland, Oregon. - strong fromHe said that she should see a doctor. - strong shouldThey were able to find a job despite the difficult market. - strong wereDo you know where he comes from? - strong doIll give the assignment to them. - strong themShes one of our most valued students. - strong ourId like Tom and Andy to come to the party. - strong and Answers I AM an English teacher ... Its true even though you dont believe it..... teacher FROM Portland, Oregon. Thats my home city, but not necessarily where I live and teach now.  ... that she SHOULD see a doctor. Its my advice, not an obligation.They WERE able to find a job ... It was possible for them though you think not.DO you know where ... Do you know the answer to this question or not?... the assignment to THEM. Not you, the others.Shes one of OUR most valued students. She is one of us, not of you or them.... Tom AND Andy ... Not only Tom, dont forget Andy. Here are some of the most common words that have weak/strong pronunciations. Generally speaking, use the week form (schwa) pronunciation of these words unless they are stressed by coming at the end of a sentence or due to unnatural stress made to facilitate understanding.   Common Weak and Strong Words a / am / an / and / are / as / atbe / been / butcan / coulddo / doesfor / fromhad / has / have / he / her / him / hisismustnotof / ourshall / she / should / somethan / that / the / them / there / touswas / we / were / who / would / willyou / your

Southwest airlines company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Southwest airlines company - Case Study Example Analysis 16 6. Improvement due to the initiatives 17 7. Alignment of initiatives towards strategic management 18 7.1 Towards Customer 18 7.2 Towards Environment 19 7.3 Towards Operations 19 8. Comparison with other organizations 20 Reference 22 1. Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines officially started operating in Dallas 42 years ago. After they took off the first flight, there was a radical change in the ways the Americans used to fly. Southwest ruled the skies by introducing low fare travel, offering free whisky on board, go-go boots and undergoing rigorous expansion. The vision of the company was to provide the business people with a more efficient and faster way to travel at a much lower cost and rendering the personable service with smile and warmth. Southwest airlines have dealt in more domestic passengers than any other airlines. The company has grown with leaps and bounds and evolved as a strong organization but has retained the original vision. The company continues to pro vide low fare, excellent customer service and convenient flight schedules. The company has changed their products and services in order to cater to the changing taste of the customers. Not only the travelling habits of the customers have changed but also the short haul travel has declined. As a response to this the company has upgraded their fleet by refurbishing cabins and adding on board access to live Television and Wi-Fi. Apart from this the company has also introduced a series of new, sleek Boeing 737-800 aircraft to the convoy of longer flights. The company has acquired Air-Tran Airways and have undertaken the task of integrating the two airlines in order to form a bigger and stronger organization. Apart from this the company has also renewed their â€Å"Rapid Rewards Frequent Flyer program†. The management of the company has equipping the airline for international services and AirTran is providing the start to the company for offering its services to the destinations l ike Caribbean and Mexico. The company looks for innovative ways to provide the customers with more value and choices. Southwest Airlines has always been pioneer in providing better and new ways to fly. The airline has always provided low cost, friendly and reliable ways to provide value to the customers (Kelly, 2013). 2. Measurement and Control System The airline is leading amongst the major low cost airlines operating in the industry. The company has been affirming their position as low-fare not by harassing, annoying or making the customers expectation trivial but by launching ‘No Change Fees and Bags Fly Free campaign’. They are ranked first in Customer satisfaction by US Department of Transportation and ranked fourth in the Fortune 2011 list as the most admired company. To reach such a position the company has to follow several measures both in financial performance and customer satisfaction. Apart from this the company also uses the environment control system (Sout hwest Airlines, 2010). 2.1 Financial Measures The financial statement of the Southwest Airlines is prepared according to the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) followed in United States of America. The financial statement under GAAP requires reclassification and adjustment of unrealized non-cash items. This is important as a result of accounting obligation and selection under accounting declaration regarding hedging and derivative instruments. The company also provides

Forging Past English 22 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Forging Past English 22 - Essay Example This author stresses that summarizing or a given type of work was a key learning outcome that h has been able to achieve through this semester’s work. Developing summaries begins when reading a particular text. In class, he described it as a ‘brief piece of writing that presents the main ideas of a reading in own words’. Further, through summary writing of the clip Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage: An Introduction, he successfully wrote a coherent and systematic brief summary that helped me to use the skills learn in class. This author makes a conclusion that conducting library research was also a major aspect that he learnt this semester. he learnt about sourcing for relevant content from diverse sources that could help when writing an essay or any other research work. In particular, he developed the skill of gathering information from multiple sources, summarizing the information obtained as well as developing a coherent write-up based on all the information gathered. it is clear that most of the learning objectives for this semester as far as English 22 were successfully met. The ability to read effectively and objectively, conducting a research based on several sources, developing a writing plan as well as developing systematic and coherent content was a major contributor to the realization of the learning objectives. He has learnt that learning is a continuous process that requires constant interaction with information while doing a lot of practice in order to perfect the art.

Forging Past English 22 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Forging Past English 22 - Essay Example This author stresses that summarizing or a given type of work was a key learning outcome that h has been able to achieve through this semester’s work. Developing summaries begins when reading a particular text. In class, he described it as a ‘brief piece of writing that presents the main ideas of a reading in own words’. Further, through summary writing of the clip Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage: An Introduction, he successfully wrote a coherent and systematic brief summary that helped me to use the skills learn in class. This author makes a conclusion that conducting library research was also a major aspect that he learnt this semester. he learnt about sourcing for relevant content from diverse sources that could help when writing an essay or any other research work. In particular, he developed the skill of gathering information from multiple sources, summarizing the information obtained as well as developing a coherent write-up based on all the information gathered. it is clear that most of the learning objectives for this semester as far as English 22 were successfully met. The ability to read effectively and objectively, conducting a research based on several sources, developing a writing plan as well as developing systematic and coherent content was a major contributor to the realization of the learning objectives. He has learnt that learning is a continuous process that requires constant interaction with information while doing a lot of practice in order to perfect the art.

Leadership and mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Leadership and mentoring - Essay Example The effects of leadership decisions on organizational growth are many.In fact, appropriate leadership practices can highly enhance the performance of a particular organization, an issue that needs to be taken into consideration when having to evaluate the role of leaders in establishing and promoting organizational strategies. In any case, leadership has been proved to be a critical concept for organizations operating in different industries. However, in most cases, the ability of leaders to promote effective strategies is doubted; failures in providing guidelines or making accurate provisions in regard to the potential needs of a specific plan seem to be common aspects of the leadership worldwide. Current study reviews the characteristics and the requirements of leadership as compared to mentoring. Reference is particularly made to the potential interaction between leadership and mentoring and the role of its of these concepts in the success of plans, either in the short or the long term. Both these concepts, leadership and mentorship, are explored in the context of the business environment. At the same time, the personal perceptions on leadership are presented. Using the example of leadership in work, the personal responses to the needs of such a role are described and explained. It is proved that leadership can highly affect the success of projects in all sectors; moreover, the personal experiences on leadership, as evaluated through an appropriate theoretical framework, lead to the following assumption: leadership and mentoring have a key role in the success of organizational plans. Moreover, the involvement of leadership and mentoring in the context of a business can be made clear in all parts of the business; in the workplace leadership is critical for the development of an effective relationship between the employee and the employer. In the long term, the success of leaders is necessarily evaluated by their competencies and experience, but also by their willingness to support all aspects of their organization’s activities without setting their own interest as a priority. 2. Literature review on leadership and mentoring 2.1 Definitions The development of leadership has been related to a series of different sectors; in fact, leadership has been involved in many social, economic and political activities. According to Daft and Lane (2008) the value of leadership as a social phenomenon has been identified quite early, even from the ancient times. However, it was just in ‘the twentieth century that scientific research on leadership first appeared’ (Daft and Lane 2008). A key characteristic of leadership is its complexity. More specifically, due to the high range of activities in which it is involved, leadership has been described using different criteria (Daft and Lane 2008). A common definition of leadership is the following one: leadership is ‘an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend re al changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes’ (Daft and Lane 2008, p.4). In other words, leadership is defined by the perceptions of leaders and followers, as these perceptions are likely to affect the style of the leaders but also the relationship between leaders and followers. The above definition has an important implication: no reference is made to the potential independency of leaders from their followers neither to the independency of the latter from the former. In other words, leaders and followers are considered as fully committed to the achievement of certain common goals, a fact that cannot be verified by the social and economic practice. In fact, many leaders tend to decide independently, without being influenced by the percepti

The European Union is often referred to as an international Essay

The European Union is often referred to as an international organisation sui generis (of its own kind). What makes the European - Essay Example Therefore the EU is primarily regarded as a supranational organization since it requires the transfer of some measure of sovereignty to the organs of the EU. Moreover, many decisions made by the EU are enforceable irrespective of member state cooperation and coordination.4 For example, in Cassis de Dijon the European Court of Justice ruled that a member state could not impose qualitative restrictions on goods from another member state.5 Moreover, in Kramer, it was held that where the EC had competence in a policy area, the member state could not act on its own accord.6 Thus the ECJ has ruled against the exercise of state sovereignty in giving force to the idea of a supranational EU. It has also been argued however, that the EU is nothing more than an example of regional integration since much of the political and economic integration networks within the EU, like all other regional organizations, depend on Member States’ voluntary compliance.7 In this paper it is argued, that a lthough the EU may share some similarities with regional and international organizations, it is substantively different and can best be described as a supranational organization and is the only one of its kind. The most important differences between the EU and other international organizations is the concept of shared sovereignty. From its inception, with the implementation of the Treaty of Rome 1957, the founding of the European Economic Community which only constituted 6 states, was an agreement in which each of the states â€Å"agreed to limit, but not totally transfer national sovereignty† in terms of â€Å"economic policy to a set of common institutions†.8 By virtue of the Treaty of Rome 1957, Member States agreed to common economic policies and the removal of trade barriers.9 While this alone would have made the founding arm of the EU similar to the World Trade Organization, the Treaty of Rome went farther requiring the establishment of a European Bank, policies for increasing employment and an amalgamation of transport and agricultural policies.10 In addition, sovereignty was transferred from among the Member States in terms of keeping with the common market principles to a Council of Europe, a Commission and a Court of Justice.11 With more states joining the Community, the Treaty of the European Union 1993 was signed in 1992 and is also known as the Maastricht Treaty which â€Å"absorbed the former† Community.12 The new Treaty (which has been amended to further clarify the functioning of the EU, by the Treaty of Lisbon 2007) went beyond economic union and added a pillar of political and legal union among the Member States.13 The Maastricht Treaty established a European Parliament and a Court of Auditors which expanded on the institutions developed by the Treaty of Rome 1957.14 In addition, the Maastricht Treaty established citizenship of all citizens of Member States.15 This aspect of citizenship not only cedes some measure of sove reignty to the EU, but also sets the EU apart from any other

Working with UNIX Text Editors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with UNIX Text Editors - Essay Example The writer mode allows the operator to enter the text on the system, the write mode uses the lower case letters, and this is because the visual editor is more sensitive to lower case letters (Peek, Peek, Robbins, Lamb, Rosenblatt & Dougherty, 2000). Two ways might be used to create or open the file using the Visual text editor (VI). Some of those ways include; typing the word VI on the computer command space and saving the file using the most appropriate name that one has chosen. The file might be open by tying the VI and the name that one used to save the document. The second way of creating and accessing the document is by typing the name VI, this is accompanies by the file name. For example, if one wants to create or open a file named as Joe, one may type vi/home/Joe to access that particular file (Peek, Peek, Robbins, Lamb, Rosenblatt & Dougherty, 2000). Some of the common navigation commands utilized by VI include but not limited to; b, 1, j, k, (,), W, 1G, W, U, B, F and D. The command implies that one should move left, while 1 means that there should move one character on the right, the character J means one line downward movement while k implies one line upward movement. The command, (, means the beginning of the sentence while,), means the quell of a sentence. The command w means a word should be written. On the other hand, the command, Ctrl>U make the screen to move the screen halfway while command B moves the entire screen upwards. Command F moves the screen downwards and finally command D makes the screen to move halfway (Sco Group, Inc, 2005). The VI has three modes of operation namely; input, command and line operation modes. The input mode is used for entering a text into a given file. This mode requires the user to type the word VI into the command prompt. The

Motivation in the Work place Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Motivation in the Work place - Dissertation Example This further enhances the challenge that organizations face. With the aim to ascertain how motivation affects the performance of employees in the workplace, three objectives and several research questions were presented in Chapter I. Based on a quality study comprising of secondary data, all the study objectives have been achieved. The study finds that the primary motivation factors continue to be financial incentives regardless of age and sector. However, once the basic needs are satisfied, individuals differ across their needs and consequently, motivation and thereby performance. This is where managerial competence is required. The study also finds that managers themselves are either ill-equipped or not satisfied with the motivation they receive. Nevertheless, they try to apply the same motivation techniques with their subordinates, which they themselves aspire. These include autonomy, authority in decision making and transparency. The study also finds that linking financial incent ives to performance usually do not work and other reinforcing factors such as appreciation, recognition, challenging assignments and clarity of job role have a role to play in positively impacting employee performance. In addition, effective communication, involvement, higher expectations motivate and lead to higher performance. Training is also critical to motivation and consequently employee performance. Transformational leadership has been identified as critical to managing employee motivation. The study concludes that motivation would differ across sectors and industries; it would also differ across individuals and their level of maturity. Therefore, there cannot be predefined motivation tools and techniques. However, managers would need to evaluate individual needs, talent and what drives them to enhance their performance. The study finds a definite correlation between motivation and employee performance. However, financial incentives are superior to other forms of incentives i n the beginning of an individual’s career. It is therefore recommended that managers should focus on individual employee needs and motivation. Effective communication, transparency, employee involvement, sharing of information and honesty could help managers understand employee needs and implement the most suitable motivation technique. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background

Working with UNIX Text Editors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with UNIX Text Editors - Essay Example The writer mode allows the operator to enter the text on the system, the write mode uses the lower case letters, and this is because the visual editor is more sensitive to lower case letters (Peek, Peek, Robbins, Lamb, Rosenblatt & Dougherty, 2000). Two ways might be used to create or open the file using the Visual text editor (VI). Some of those ways include; typing the word VI on the computer command space and saving the file using the most appropriate name that one has chosen. The file might be open by tying the VI and the name that one used to save the document. The second way of creating and accessing the document is by typing the name VI, this is accompanies by the file name. For example, if one wants to create or open a file named as Joe, one may type vi/home/Joe to access that particular file (Peek, Peek, Robbins, Lamb, Rosenblatt & Dougherty, 2000). Some of the common navigation commands utilized by VI include but not limited to; b, 1, j, k, (,), W, 1G, W, U, B, F and D. The command implies that one should move left, while 1 means that there should move one character on the right, the character J means one line downward movement while k implies one line upward movement. The command, (, means the beginning of the sentence while,), means the quell of a sentence. The command w means a word should be written. On the other hand, the command, Ctrl>U make the screen to move the screen halfway while command B moves the entire screen upwards. Command F moves the screen downwards and finally command D makes the screen to move halfway (Sco Group, Inc, 2005). The VI has three modes of operation namely; input, command and line operation modes. The input mode is used for entering a text into a given file. This mode requires the user to type the word VI into the command prompt. The

Lab #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lab #8 - Essay Example The model forecast temperature reduction if sulphates emissions will be reduced. The model also predicts that warming will result to faster soil perspiration leading to greater amount of carbon dioxide being released to the atmosphere. This will hasten the global warming process. Though these models provide predictive solutions about climatic change, they have come under great criticism. This regards to the issue of classifying them as scientific or merely non scientific predictions. Models are used both in the scientific field and also in the business field. Models are predictive. This means that a probability index has to be associated with them. There are chances that what is predicted might occur or not. Scientific experiments are also conducted using formulated hypothesis that help to determine if the hypothesis is true or not. This shows that the climate models are scientific indeed. Furthermore, these models are based on real observable physical parameters that help climatologist to predict changes in climate patterns. According to Schmidt, G. (2005, January 12) these patterns are scientific. The controversy about them is the scale of application. When these climate predictions are applied on small scale, the effects may not be clearly visible. When these models are applied to a larger scale, comprehensive results can be obtained. The climatic models take into account the circulation of air, radiation transfer, cloud formation, sea ice formation, and soil moisture content. These are contained in sub modules of the General Circulation Models. These models contain information of how physical processes interact. During their prediction scientific laws and rules for the conservation of energy mass and momentum are obeyed. Discrediting these models as non scientific is ridiculous as they are formulated using and following scientific rules. The validation of the climate models is not simple as they predict long term global effects.

Different Power Factor Correction Engineering Essay

Different Power Factor Correction Engineering Essay Different power-factor correction methods are reviewed, as well as the back ground to the power-factor. Problem is arising in modern electrical distribution systems due to the connection of rapidly increasing numbers of non-linear electronic loads. The basic principles of harmonic generation and limitation in power systems are first discussed. The main part presents a critical review of commonly used power-factor correction techniques that have been identified in a literature review, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. After the analysis of methods and their working principles, the development of the most promising systems such as the boost-type PFC converters is considered. Finally, a project plan is proposed for the next phase of the dissertation work. This will involve investigating the operation, dynamic control and performance of the most promising systems by conducting a theoretical study and setting up and running a number of simulation models using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software tools. Key-words: Power factor correction, harmonic mitigation, PFC converters Contents List of Abbreviations and Principle Symbols Abbreviations: AC Alternating Current APF Active Power Filter CCM Continuous Conduction Mode DC Direct Current DCM Discontinuous Conduction Mode DF Distortion Factor FFT Fast-Fourier analysis IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor PF Power Factor PFC Power Factor Correction PWM Pulse Width Modulation RMS Root Mean Square THD Total Harmonic Distortion TDD Total Demand Distortion Principle Symbols: Power Factor Distortion Factor Displacement Factor h Harmonic contents RMS value of the line-current fundamental component RMS value of the line-current harmonic components Total RMS value of the line-current 1. Introduction It is now clearly visible from power systems journals and general literatures that power-factor correction is now an important research topic in the power systems area. As non-linear power electronic systems are increasingly being connected to power systems in greater quantities as well as capacities for such applications as power quality control, adjustable speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies, renewable energy-source interfacing, and so on [1] [2]. The power quality regulators of those systems are highly concerned now, because some of their drawbacks, such as harmonics generation and reduced power factor can spoil their advantages [3]. Power electronic systems are effective because their high efficiency and rapidly adjustable output. However, when processing and controlling the input electric energy suitable for users [4], power electronic systems often operate at a low power-factor, and that may cause serious problems to power system operators by reducing distribution comp onent RMS current capacity and to other users on the same network by distorting the sinusoidal supply voltage seen by other user connected at the same point of common coupling as a heavy electronic or power electronic load.. Of all power line disturbances, harmonics are probably the most serious one for power users because they exist under steady state conditions. This literature review considers harmonic generation prediction of power electronic systems and examines the effectiveness of harmonic mitigation methods. The boost-type power factor correction converters will be taken as the core power factor correction method for future research. The existing publications arising from research in this area and their conclusions have set a good foundation for this report. Results in this report will be based on a theoretical study and simulation studies using software MATLAB/SIMULINK power-factor correction system models which be developed. 2. Background This section provides discussion on the fundamental principles of power-factor correction, including definitions of power-factor terms and a consideration of the common standards which affect how harmonics controlled in power system. Also, the harmonic generation prediction of ideal power electronic systems is discussed at the end of this section 2.1 Important definitions and objective of power-factor correction The power factor (PF) is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power [5] and gives a measure of AC supply utilization on how efficient that the energy is supplied and can be converted into effective work output. The definition of power factor is as shown below: (2.1) In the definition, the value of the power factor is always between 0 and 1, and can be either inductive or capacitive. That means average power is always lower than apparent power. The reason is harmonic components and phase-displacement angle,. Hence, the power factor equivalent can be described as below: (2.2) is termed the (current) distortion factor (DF) and represent the harmonic components in the current and relative to wave shape [6]. DF is defined as the ratio of the fundamental current component to the RMS current value [4]. is termed the displacement factor and defined as the current and voltage waveform phase angle [6]. Displacement factor has unity value for in-phase current and voltage. The increase of displacement angle will cause larger reactive current in the power system [4]. Hence, the objective of power-factor correction is to decrease the current distortion or harmonic content and increase the displacement factor or bring the current in phase with the voltage. The closer power factor is to the unity value, the higher efficiency and lower energy loss. And the power system will operate at a lower supply voltage. Another commonly used index for measuring the harmonic content of a waveform applied for current distortion level is total harmonic distortion, THD. THD is the distortion current as a percentage of the fundamental current. The equation of THD is given by: or (2.3) In AC supply utilizations, power factor,, can be expressed in terms of THD and the displacement factor: (2.4) With these equations, it is easy to see that high THD leads to low power factor and even damaging of the power network. THD and power factor will be used together in the following work as important index in measuring performance of the harmonic mitigation techniques. 2.2 Effects and limitation of harmonic distortion on power system In any power conversion process, to get high efficiency and low power loss are important for two reasons: the cost of the wasted energy and the difficulty in removing the heat generated due to dissipated energy [4]. The performance of power output efficient is defined by several factors. The power factor and harmonic distortion are the most important ones. References [8] [9] show the main issues of harmonics within the power system include the possibility of them exciting series and parallel resonances which cause a further increase of harmonic levels, low efficiency caused in generation, transmission, and utilization of electric energy, increasing thermal losses in the electrical components and shortening their useful life and causing malfunction of motors and other components in the power system. Those effects can be divided into three general categories: Thermal stress, Insulation stress and Load disruption [10]. Those represent effects on increasing equipment losses and thermal losses, increased value of current drawn from the power system and insulation stress and failure to action and malfunction of some electrical devices and systems. The IEEE Standard 519-1992 recommended harmonic current limits with an additional factor, TDD. This is very same as THD except the distortion factor is expressed by load current instead of fundamental current magnitude [11]. Hence, the equation of TDD is given by: (2.5) Therefore, IEEE Standard 519-1992 limitation for harmonic current in power system expressed with TDD is shown below: Maximum harmonic current distortion in percent of Individual harmonic order (Odd harmonics) TDD 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0 20 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0 50 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0 100 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0 >1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0 Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonics limits above. Table 2.1 IEEE 519-1992 Standard for harmonic current limits [12]. Also, there are limitations for power system harmonic voltage and power factor regulation, like IEC 61000-3-2 standard. The methods for power factor correction should not cause disturbances for other aspects of performance. 2.3 Harmonics generation in power electronic systems Power electronic systems may naturally operate at low power-factor due to large harmonic generation and phase shifting in controlled devices like controlled rectifiers. Understanding characteristics of the harmonic current is essential for harmonic mitigation research. Based on the form on the two sides, converters can be divided into four categories [4] including: 1. AC to DC (rectifier) 2. DC to AC (inverter) 3. DC to DC 4. AC to AC Power electronic systems always draw high quality of low frequency harmonic current from the utility and hence cause problems for other users. Take an ideal single-phase diode bridge rectifier as example, the total harmonic distortion can be up to 48.43% [4] and the 3rd harmonic current can be as large as one third of the fundamental current. If a non-linear load is considered, the displacement factor will fall down from unity value and cause a decrease of power factor. This is surely over the harmonic standards limitation and needs to be corrected. Theoretically, Rectifiers and choppers output DC and draw a fundamental AC source current and large low frequency harmonic content. On the other hand, inverters output low frequency AC and supply fundamental current and harmonic content usually at higher frequency. Harmonic contents can be reduced by harmonic mitigation techniques and hence increase power factor. Take Fourier analysis result diagram of single-phase diode bridge rectifier and PWM control Buck converter as example. (a) (b) Figure 2.1 Fourier analysis diagram for input current of (a) single-phase diode bridge rectifier and (b) PWM control Buck converter. 2.4 Software tools for harmonic mitigation evaluation To filtering harmonic current in the power system, the frequency of harmonic contents is essential. However, in practice, the harmonic frequency is not absolutely equal to the theoretical value and that makes analysis of harmonic frequencies very difficult. The reason is stray inductance and capacitance in the system and reverse recovery time and forward voltage drop of non-ideal devices [1]. To analyze harmonic contents, appropriate software can be helpful. In this project, the software chosen to help analyzing harmonic current drawn by power electronic systems is MATLAB/SIMULINK. Taking the three-phase diode bridge rectifier as an example, a simulation model can be established as shown below. In the model, a three-phase 50Hz AC power supply is used for a resistive load and most devices are not ideal. The model is followed by the diagram of input current waveform and frequency spectrum of AC input current. Values of each order harmonic content and total THD are given by Fast-Fourier (FFT) analysis in powergui analysis tools. With the help of Fourier analysis, the performance of harmonic mitigation techniques can be evaluated and compared quickly. Figure 2.2 Simulation model for three-phase diode bridge rectifier. Figure 2.3 Waveform of rectifier input current (phase A). Figure 2.4 Frequency spectra of AC input current of three-phase rectifier. 3. Power Factor Correction Techniques After tens of years developing and improving, various types of power factor correction techniques or harmonic mitigation techniques can be chosen to solve power factor problem. Those techniques can be divided into five categories [11] [13] as shown below: 1. Passive filters Passive filters can improve power factor with low cost and reduce high frequency harmonics effectively. However, they are always in large size and cannot vary flexibly with system changes [4] [14]. If tuning reactors are not used, parallel resonance may occur in operation [15]. 2. Active filters Active filters improve power factor and provide stable output even under varying supply condition, and reduce harmonics in the output current effectively and efficiently [4] [16]. These, however, always requires much higher costs and the harmonic currents they injected may flow into other system components [13] [14]. 3. Hybrid systems Hybrid active filters combine active and passive filters together in various forms [17]. Hence they can reduce initial and running costs and improve performance of the filter [11] [13]. Smaller filter inductor, smaller dimension, light weight and better filter performance hybrid system take advantages of both passive and active filters [18]. However, the complexity of operation is the main drawback of hybrid systems. 4. Phase multiplication Increasing the pulse number of power converters can raise the lowest harmonic order generated by the converter [2]. Typically, 6-pulse converter has the lowest harmonic order of 5 [1]. When rising pulse number to 12, the lowest harmonic order can increase to 11. As value of harmonic current are ideally proportional to fundamental current value [4], the amount distortion of the power system can de reduce to a low level. On the other hand, the effectiveness of this technique is based on balanced load [13] which rarely happens in practice. 5. PWM PWM converters have much better performance compared to traditional converters like diode rectifiers and square-wave control inverters [4]. As a control strategy improvement, PWM harmonic mitigation technique can even used with some devices for traditional converters and hence get broad application prospect [11]. However, the topology complexity and difficult on designing controllers [19] makes the use of PWM is limited. The objective of these techniques is to make the input current nearly a pure sinusoidal waveform and hence to improve the power factor in electrical supply system. All these five techniques are discussed separately in the following work. 3.1 Passive filters Passive filters have widely been used to absorb harmonics generated by the power electronic systems, primarily due to their simplicity, low cost and high efficiency [20]. Passive filters are always consists inductors, capacitors and damping resistors [21]. The objective of the passive filter is to stop the flow of the harmonic current from disturbing power system, either by preventing them with the usage of series filters or diverting them to a shunt path [9] [11]. That is the different between series filter and shunt filter, too. Series filters can be tuned LC system or only a single inductor in the system. Parallel inductance and capacitance are tuned to provide low impedance for fundamental frequency current and high impedance for a selected frequency current, always high level harmonic current. The series tuned filters are simple and reliable to use. The circuit configuration can be shown as below. Figure 3.1 Series LC tuned filter. The series tuned filters are always used as input filter for power electronic systems. However, a big drawback limits the using. If the series tuned filter is used in a VSI system as the input filter for the inverter, several order harmonic current need to be filtered, 5th, 7th, and so on. Each order harmonic current required an individual filter, and hence the size of the system can be intolerable. On the other hand, shunt filter have much more types including shunt-tuned filter, double-band pass filter and 1st, 2nd and 3rd -order damped filters. Also, broadband filters are good solution for filtering wide range of harmonics [22]. The circuit configurations of these widely used passive filters are like shown below. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 3.2 Typical harmonic filters: (a) Single-tuned filter (b) Double tuned filter (c) High-pass parallel filter (d) C-type high-pass filter [5] [27]. A few single tuned filters cope with large level harmonic contents and a high-pass (2nd order) filter filtering high frequency harmonics is the typical model for shunt passive filters and can get better characteristic than series filters [24]. Take the single tuned filter as example, single-tuned filter also called the band-pass filter as only a selected frequency of current can pass in low impedance. The tuning frequency of the single-tuned filter could be: (3.1) And at this frequency, the impedance of the filter is: (3.2) where s is the Laplace operator, L represents value of inductance and C represents the capacitance value. However, mostly passive filters can only filtering 30% of harmonic current in the power system [23] and can not match IEEE 519-1992 standard well. Even the broadband filter, which can filter a range of harmonic contents and reduce system THD to approximately 10%, the resonance caused by the filter and the big size of inductor and capacitor still limit the usage of the filter. So we can get the list of advantages and disadvantages for passive filters shown in table 3.1. Advantages Disadvantages Effectively for filtering high frequency harmonics Low availability for low frequency harmonic filtering Very low cost and reliable Bulky devices and inflexible devices parameters Simple structure Individual branch is necessary for each dominant harmonics in the system High probability resonance Table 3.1 List of passive filter performances [4] [14] [25] [29]. 3.2 Active power filters (APF) The basic idea of an active filter is to compensate current or voltage disturbance so as to reduce the reactive power electronic systems drawn from the power system [23]. The active filters using in power system are not the same as what we use in electronic circuits. The active filters conventional means combined operational amplifiers and passive components like inductors and capacitors, and always been used in electronic circuits operating under low voltage. That is the beginning of the active compensation applications and came out earlier than active filters using in power systems. The active filters which are used in power system for active power compensation and harmonic compensation are always called Active Power Filter (APF) [30]. The active in APF means the filters are act as power sources or generators and provide compensation currents which have opposite phase angle with the harmonic currents in power system [30]. Similarity between electronic circuit active filters and pow er system active filters are the requirement of external power supply. The active filters which are talked in the following parts are all means APF. With the active power filters, the compensation for reactive power and for harmonic current can de done at the same time, hence efficiency on harmonic compensation and also dynamic response are all be improved [23]. The trend of active power filters began in 1970s and was introduced by Mr. Akagi. The incentive for active filters is the inductor is not appropriate to use under high frequency, so the trend is to replace the inductor with active components. As the harmonic contents in the power system various frequently, fast response of active filters required a good control strategy to make active filters smarter and faster. But more complex devices and sophisticated control strategy are required, that all makes active filters more expensive and hard to use [26]. Active filters can also be classified by converter type as shunt-type active filters and series-type active filters. The diagrams of two basic types of active filters are shown below. The other way to classify active filters is the phase number of filters which will be discussed later. (a) (b) Figure 3.3 Diagrams of (a) Shunt-type active filter and (b) Series-type active filter [11] [28]. Series active filters are good at compensate voltage harmonics and capacitive, voltage-source loads. When applied to an inductive or current-source load, a low impedance parallel branch is necessary. Similarly, shunt active filters are always used with inductive, current-source loads and high current distortion conditions. Sometimes over current condition occurs with the use of shunt-type active filters [31]. Typical working principle of the active power filter is: 1. Detection. The sensor detects the waveform of the instantaneous load current and feedback to the controller, which is typically a digital processing block. 2. Analysis. Load current is always high distortion current including fundamental current and many orders of harmonic current. The processor must distinguish the fundamental current with the harmonic currents and give out the information including frequency, value, and phase angle of harmonic contents, so as to control the power source inverter providing opposite phase current of harmonic current. 3. Compensation. The power source inverter draws current from individual DC voltage supply and converting to required current to cancel harmonic currents. Like the diagram shown below. Figure 3.4 Diagram of compensation characteristics [31]. Hence, we can draw a conclusion of advantages and disadvantages of active power filters shown in the table below. Advantages Disadvantages High compensation efficiency and high ability on harmonic compensation Low reliability with sophisticated control system and devices Small size components Difficult to construct a large rated current source with a rapid current Fast action on harmonic current variation makes good dynamic response High initial costs and running costs No resonance causing Complex control strategy and controllers are necessary Suitable for widely supply and load conditions, like unbalanced power supply Table 3.2 List of active power filter performances [13] [22] [30] [31]. 3.3 Hybrid systems Hybrid filters comes from the idea to combine the advantages of both passive filters and active filters together hence to get brilliant performance on harmonic mitigation [17]. Combine passive filters and active filters can significantly reduce costs and improve the compensation characteristics in the power system. Also, various types of hybrid systems of passive and active filters can get better performance than only passive or active filters. Like the reference [18] and [20], small rating active power filter and passive filter connected in serial or shunt type. Smaller filter inductor, smaller dimension, light weight and better filter performance hybrid system take advantages of both passive and active filters [18]. However, as the basement of the hybrid power filters are always active power filters, the initial costs and control complexity is still big disadvantages of hybrid systems. 3.4 Phase multiplication The purpose of phase multiplication is to increase the pulse number of the converter and hence to increase the harmonic order and frequency [4]. The low frequency harmonics can be mitigated effectively and phase multiplication technique does not cause serious resonance and other bad effects on power system performances [13]. The practical application of phase multiplication technique, the multipulse converters, have the ability to draw low distortion current from power source and generate DC current with low level ripple [32]. Typically, 6-pulse converter has the lowest harmonic order of 5 [1]. When rising pulse number to 12, the lowest harmonic order can increase to 11. As value of harmonic current are ideally proportional to fundamental current value [4], the amount distortion of the power system can de reduce to a low level. Also, the multipulse thyristor converters can output various value current by controlling the thyristor fairing angle () [32]. The drawbacks of phase multiplication technique are mostly the contradiction between the cost and output characteristic. If controlled output is required, the multipulse converter should contain at least 12 switching devices and that can be a big amount of costs. On the other hand, multipulse converter only use diodes may operate on low efficiency [11]. 3.5 PWM PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a modern control technique for power electronic systems. PWM converters have much better performance compared to traditional converters like diode rectifiers and square-wave control inverters [4]. Like the phase multiplication technique, PWM control can raise the frequency of harmonic contents of current so as to reduce the effect caused by harmonics. Also, converters using PWM control can have high efficiency and small size. With all these advantages, PWM control absorbed great concern in modern power conversion systems. However, the topology complexity and difficult on designing controllers [19] makes the use of PWM is limited. 3.6 Power factor correction converter Power factor correction (PFC) converter is a typical active power factor correction method. As a mature technique for power factor correction, PFC converters have been widely used in power electronic systems to achieve high power factor (PF) and low harmonic distortion [33]. PFC convener forces the input current follow the input voltage, which makes the input current drawn from power supply nearly in a unity power factor [34]. The Boost-type PFC converters are the most used topology which have many advantages, such as low level ripple in the input current, high power factor, small size and simple circuit structure [35]. A typical circuit diagram of Boost-type PFC converter is as shown below from reference [36]. Figure 3.5 Typical circuit diagram of Boost-type PFC converter [36]. As we seen in the diagram before, conventional PFC converter consists two main stages [33] [37]: Power factor correction stage. This stage is combined with a diode rectifier and a DC/DC converter and used to correct power factor of the input current drawn from the power system. The most used type of chopper is Boost chopper. Also, the new Buck and Cuk type PFC converters are increasingly being used now. The switching working principle can be divided into two types, DCM and CCM. 2. DC/DC converter The chopper here is used to convert the power output voltage and current match the users demand. Since choppers only drawn low distortion power from supply, the typical filter on the utilization end is always a passive filter. This is the working principle for conventional PFC converters, the two-stage DCM/CCM Boost-type PFC converter. However, this type of PFC converter has some disadvantages and need to be improved [33]-[39]: 1. Stage number Individual control system and switching devices are required for each stage of PFC converter, hence increasing the costs of the whole system and cause some other problems, such as power density, transmission efficiency and control response [38]. Also, the design of control system can be a challenge. A new one-stage PFC converter topology has been introduced to power factor correction research area. The circuit diagram is as shown in figure 3.6 [36]. The combination of the power factor correction converter and the forward converter may bring many advantages point as below [36]: 1. High power factor correction performance 2. Reduced value of ripple in the DC output 3. Low initial cost and running cost 4. High efficiency and easy control system And so on. Figure 3.6 Circuit diagram of single stage PFC converter [36]. 2. Converter type Like shown in figure 3.6, Buck converter is increasingly being used in PFC converters. Also, Cuk converter and other type of choppers are becoming good choice for PFC converters [36]-[39]. The Buck type PFC converter was rarely used since its high input current distortion. However, with the characteristic improving of the Buck type PFC converter, it can reach good performance with specific dual mode duty cycle control scheme [36]. The main advantage of Buck type PFC converter is easy to reduce the stage number to one stage. 3. Devices and control strategy One of the most important aims in the design of power electronic systems is the reduction of the size of the passive devices, since it allows increase on the power density and the reduction in the initial and running cost. As inductor and capacitor are still using in the PFC converter, the reduction of them can be very important [33] [37]. However, the improvement of devices must base on the developing of the control strategy [37]. With a good detect and control system, the size of the inductor and capacitor can be reduced while the harmonic content can still meet the requirement [33]. The further analysis and improvement of PFC converter based on this literature review will be an important work in the last stage of project. 4. Conclusion This literature review provides a critical study on power factor issues and power factor correction techniques. A theoretical review of power factor definitions and harmonic generation by power electronic systems are presented at the beginning of the paper. The performance of five basic types of harmonic mitigation techniques has been discussed with the support of many previous research publication and their results. The PFC converter is chosen as the promising system for power factor correction after the analysis and comparison. The simulation model establishment and simulation comparison of power factor correction techniques will be important works for the next period of the project. Also, design rules and guidance of PFC converters will be designed in the next period, too.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Effect of Supernatural Forces The presence of supernatural forces in Macbeth is an extremely vital aspect of the play. The Weird sisters are fundamental characters because they prophesizr the futire, adding to the dramatic affect of the play. They show how desire, ambition, and greed, are often more overpowering than reason. Through the predictions made to Macbeth in the second scene of Act I, Macbeth is encouraged, and his mind is opened to the possibilities of actions that he would otherwise not consider. They promise that he will be Thane of Cawdor, and even king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortly after becoming Thane, his thoughts stray to the glory that he could have as ruler. â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir.† He says this because he does not wish to take any action to make sure that he becomes king, but he does, in fact, truly desire to take Duncan’s position. He gives word of his encouter to his wife, and she too, is filled with ambition; even more so than her husband. It is she, lacking the â€Å"milk of human kindness†, that persuades Macbeth to carry through with his thoughts. She says to herself, â€Å" Come thee hither that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue. She is helped by the forces of the supernatural world, and with this aid, is able to convince Macbeth to commit the murder. She gives up all that is feminine about her so that wretchedness and cruelty can envelop her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other supernatural forces that lead Macbeth down his path of evil and insanity are Banquo’s ghost, and the apparitions that the witches conjure. The apparitions especially lead to Macbeth’s downfall. The second one tells him that, â€Å"no man of woman born shall harm Macbeth†, and another says, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† This gives him security, which, â€Å"is mortals’ chieftest enemy†, as Hjecate states; and in this security comes his death.

Four Views of The Sick Rose :: sick

Four Views of The Sick Rose Four Works Cited By analyzing more information from different authors, I was able to draw a greater amount contrast from the authors. I had a better feel for what they were trying to convey when they wrote their critical essays in their books. Whatever the case, it was easier to judge "The Sick Rose" by having more sources to reflect upon. Michael Riffaterre centers his analysis of "The Sick Rose" in "The Self-sufficient Text" by "using internal evidence only [to analyze the poem] and to determine to what extent the literary text is self-sufficient. It seems to [Riffaterre] that a proper reading entails no more than a knowledge of the language" (39). Riffaterre identifies psychological, philosophical, and genetic interpretations (connected to "mythological tradition") as "aiming outwards." These approaches find the meaning of the text in the relationship of its images to other texts" (40). Riffaterre argues for a more internal reading of the poems. Riffaterre emphasizes the importance of the relationships between words as opposed to their "corresponding realities" (40). For example, he states that the "flower or the fruit is a variant of the worm's dwelling constructed through destruction. Thus, as a word, worm is meaningful only in the context of flower, and flower only in the context of worm" (41). After Riffaterre's reading and interpretation of the poem, he concludes that "The Sick Rose" is composed of "polarized polarities" (44) which convey the central object of the poem, the actual phrase, "the sick rose" (44). He asserts that "because the text provides all the elements necessary to our identifying these verbal artifacts, we do not have to resort to traditions or symbols found outside the text" (44). Thus, "The Sick Rose" is a self-sufficient text. Hazard Adams takes a different approach to reading "The Sick Rose" than most critics by cautioning the reader that often one "overlook[s] the fact that a literary image primarily imitates its previous usages and secondarily what it denotes in the outer world or in the realm of ideas" (13). Adams begins his analysis with examining the rose, and by reminding the reader that in a "literary world where the rose is seen archetypally, all things have human form" (14). Thus he allows for the rose to be able to become part of the speaker. He carries his idea one step further by suggesting that the speaker always "address[es] some aspect of himself" when speaking to an object.

Interpretive Essay Essay

Section 1 The child that I am working with is a four year old female named Briniyah. She is in preschool and learning new letters each day. Briniyah is my daughter and I am worried about her not learning phonics as she learns new letters. One day over Christmas break we were reviewing her letter and I asked her â€Å"what sound does the letter B make? † and she said â€Å"Mommy, I don’t know. † This situation concerned me because I am an educator and my child does not know phonics. I became worried and began to panic. I soon discussed the situation with her teacher that I had a concern and we created a plan of action to help Briniyah learn phonics more efficiently. My plan consisted of teaching my daughter phonics. I felt like a failure; how can I be an educator and my child not know phonics? I guess I felt bad because my students knew phonics and are the same age as my daughter. My daughter and I went shopping and purchased two Hooked on Phonics booklets. She already has Leap Frog products at home (CD with songs to learn letters and sounds and the fridge phonics kit). We began practicing the letters along with their sounds. I am going to keep her teacher in the loop so we can work together with Briniyah’s development. I believe that learning phonics is a very important part of learning to read. Children cannot learn site words correctly without learning phonics. I am not saying that it is not possible to learn site words without phonics but I believe that the site words will become a part of rote memory instead of learning how to sound words out. Teaching my daughter phonics is going to be a long process that is going to take patience and persistence. I am very focused on my daughter learning phonics and I determined to be her first and best educator. In the end I will be able to measure her success when we review the letters along with their sounds and she can confidently give me the sounds and begin to make words when she puts the sounds together. Section 2 Teaching phonics is going to be a challenge as I stated before. I plan on working with my daughter one-on-one very diligently so she could be successful with learning phonics and learning how to read eventually. My plan of action is for us to sit down each day begin our phonics lesson. We will begin with the letter B of course since it’s the first letter of her name. I will choose the next letter according to the letter she is working on in school. We will go over the letter and its sound. I will use picture cards to help with the phonics lesson; these cards will give her more words and help build her vocabulary as well. Continued communication between her teacher and I is very important. We need to be on the same page to make sure Briniyah is successful with this phonics assignment